1. What
is an ABAP data dictionary?-
ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in
application development and shows how they are mapped to the underlying
relational database in tables/views.
2. What
are domains and data element?
- Domains: Domain is the central object for describing the technical
characteristics of an attribute of a business objects. It describes the value
range of the field. Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic
definition of the table fields like description the field. Data element
describes how a field can be displayed to end-user.
3.
What is foreign key relationship?- A relationship which can be defined
between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level. Foreign keys are
used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered should be checked against
existing data to ensure that there are now contradiction. While defining
foreign key relationship cardinality has to be specified. Cardinality mentions
how many dependent records or how referenced records are possible.
4. Describe
data classes.- Master
data: It is the data which is seldomly changed. Transaction data: It is the
data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a customizing data which
is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely
changed. System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself.
5. What
are indexes?- Indexes are
described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields. This data
exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the field of the
tables. In order that other fields are also read, a pointer to the associated
record of the actual table are included in the index. Yhe indexes are activated
along with the table and are created automatically with it in the database.
6. Difference
between transparent tables and pooled tables.- Transparent tables: Transparent tables in the
dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the table in database. Its structure
corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has the same name
as in the dictionary. Transparent table holds application data. Pooled tables.
Pooled tables in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation with the table in
database. Table in the database has the different name as in the dictionary. Pooled
table are stored in table pool at the database level.
7. What
is an ABAP/4 Query?-
ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding.
ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the
simple reports. Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average,
Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. - For creating a ABAP/4
Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional
group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally,
assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the
functional group generated.
8. What
is BDC programming?-
Transferring of large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input
programming. Batch input is a automatic procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data
Communications).The central component of the transfer is a queue file which
receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data into
“sessions”.
9. What
are the functional modules used in sequence in BDC?- These are the 3 functional modules which are used in
a sequence to perform a data transfer successfully using BDC programming:
BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters like Name of the client, sessions and user name are
specified in this functional modules. BDC_INSERT - It is used to insert the
data for one transaction into a session. BDC_CLOSE_GROUP - This is used to
close the batch input session.
10. What
are internal tables?-
Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the
runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets
of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables
according to users need.
11. What
is ITS? What are the merits of ITS?- ITS is a Internet Transaction Server. ITS forms an
interface between HTTP server and R/3 system, which converts screen provided
data by the R/3 system into HTML documents and vice-versa. Merits of ITS: A
complete web transaction can be developed and tested in R/3 system. All
transaction components, including those used by the ITS outside the R/3 system
at runtime, can be stored in the R/3 system. The advantage of automatic
language processing in the R/3 system can be utilized to language-dependent
HTML documents at runtime.
12. What
is DynPro?- DynPro is a
Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen and the associated flow
logic Screen is also called as DynPro.
13. What
are screen painter and menu painter?- Screen painter: Screen painter is a tool to design
and maintain screen and its elements. It allows user to create GUI screens for
the transactions. Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the
elements of Screen painter. Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the
interface components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions
and titles are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and menu painter
both are the graphical interface of an ABAP/4 applications.
14. What
are the components of SAP scripts?- SAP scripts is a word processing tool of SAP which has the following
components: Standard text. It is like a standard normal documents. Layout sets.
- Layout set consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph
formats, Character formats. Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set
consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program.
15. What
is ALV programming in ABAP? When is this grid used in ABAP?- ALV is Application List viewer. Sap
provides a set of ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER) function modules which can be put into
use to embellish the output of a report. This set of ALV functions is used to
enhance the readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise in
sap when the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255
characters in length. In such cases, this set of ALV functions can help choose
selected columns and arrange the different columns from a report output and
also save different variants for report display. This is a very efficient tool
for dynamically sorting and arranging the columns from a report output. The
report output can contain up to 90 columns in the display with the wide array
of display options.
16. What
are the events in ABAP/4 language?- Initialization, At selection-screen, Start-of-selection,
end-of-selection, top-of-page, end-of-page, At line-selection, At user-command,
At PF, Get, At New, At LAST, AT END, AT FIRST.
17. What
is CTS and what do you know about it?- The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that
helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in
Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients
in your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of
how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your
system and client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and
follow this documentation when planning your development project.
18. What
are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical
databases?- To read data from
a database tables we use logical database. A logical database provides
read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program. Advantages:
i)check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and
plausible. ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for
database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining the
hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. dis advantages:
i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET
events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated
with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an
END-OF-SELECTION).
19. What
is a batch input session?-
BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database
table. Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen
fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next
screen is processed.
20. How
to upload data using CATT ?-
These are the steps to be followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the
CATT test case & recording the sample data input. Download of the source
file template. Modification of the source file. Upload of the data from the
source file.
21. What
is Smart Forms?- Smart
Forms allows you to create forms using a graphical design tool with robust
functionality, color, and more. Additionally, all new forms developed at SAP
will be created with the new Smart Form solution.
22. How
can I make a differentiation between dependent and independent data?- Client dependent or independent transfer
requirements include client specific or cross client objects in the change
requests. Workbench objects like SAPscripts are client specific, some entries
in customizing are client independent. If you display the object list for one
change request, and then for each object the object attributes, you will find
the flag client specific. If one object in the task list has this flag on, then
that transport will be client dependent.
23. What
is the difference between macro and subroutine?- Macros can only be used in the program the are
defined in and only after the definition are expanded at compilation /
generation. Subroutines (FORM) can be called from both the program the are
defined in and other programs . A MACRO is more or less an abbreviation for
some lines of code that are used more than once or twice. A FORM is a local
subroutine (which can be called external). A FUNCTION is (more or less) a
subroutine that is called external. Since debugging a MACRO is not really
possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never used them, but seen them in
action). If the subroutine is used only local (called internal) use a FORM. If
the subroutine is called external (used by more than one program) use a FUNCTION.
How we format the data before
before write statement in report ?
We can format the reports output by using the loop events like:
1.at first
2.at new
3.at last
etc check docu
We can format the reports output by using the loop events like:
1.at first
2.at new
3.at last
etc check docu
What is the difference
between Table and Template?
table is a dynamic and template is a static
table is a dynamic and template is a static
When do we use
End-of-selection?
End-of-selection event are mostly used? when we are writing HR-ABAP code. In the HR-ABAP code, data is retrived in the Start-of-selection event and Printing on the list and all will be? done in End-of-selection event.
End-of-selection event are mostly used? when we are writing HR-ABAP code. In the HR-ABAP code, data is retrived in the Start-of-selection event and Printing on the list and all will be? done in End-of-selection event.
In events start-of-selection
is default event. When we have to use this event explicitly? Why?
The default event in the ABAP is Start-of-selection.We have to call explicitely this event when you are writing other than ths event? , that is when you write AT? SELECTION-SCREEN EVENTS OR INITIALIZATION EVENT etc,you have to explicitely mention the Start-of-selection event while you are writing the logic.
Before these events called ,all the code you have written come into this default Start-of-selection screen event.
The default event in the ABAP is Start-of-selection.We have to call explicitely this event when you are writing other than ths event? , that is when you write AT? SELECTION-SCREEN EVENTS OR INITIALIZATION EVENT etc,you have to explicitely mention the Start-of-selection event while you are writing the logic.
Before these events called ,all the code you have written come into this default Start-of-selection screen event.
What is the differences
between ABAP and OOABAP. In which situation we use OOABAP?
OOABAP is used to develop BSP/PCUI applications and also anthing involved object oriented like BADIs, SmartForms..etc.where as ABAP is used to develop traditional programs in R/3.
OOABAP is used to develop BSP/PCUI applications and also anthing involved object oriented like BADIs, SmartForms..etc.where as ABAP is used to develop traditional programs in R/3.
What is table buffer? Which
type of tables used this buffer?
buffer is nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table information is available on application server. when you call data from database table it will come from application server.
transperent and pooled tables are buffered. cluster tables can not buffered.
buffer is nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table information is available on application server. when you call data from database table it will come from application server.
transperent and pooled tables are buffered. cluster tables can not buffered.
What is the use of pretty
printer ?
Exactly where can we link the functional module to abap coding.
Pretty Printer is used to format the ABAP Code we write in ABAP Editor ,like KEY WORDS in Capitals and remaining are in small letters which is also depend on system settings.
We can call the function module in the ABAP Code .Press the Pattern button on Appl. tool bar then u will get box where u write the function module NAME which u want to call in the code by selecting the radio button CALL FUNCTION. In this way we link function module to ABAP Code.
Exactly where can we link the functional module to abap coding.
Pretty Printer is used to format the ABAP Code we write in ABAP Editor ,like KEY WORDS in Capitals and remaining are in small letters which is also depend on system settings.
We can call the function module in the ABAP Code .Press the Pattern button on Appl. tool bar then u will get box where u write the function module NAME which u want to call in the code by selecting the radio button CALL FUNCTION. In this way we link function module to ABAP Code.
What is the difference
between SAP memory and ABAP memory?
Answer1:
data sending between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap memory
data sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is abap memory
Answer2:
sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local memory.
For example, we have four programs in abap memory and assigned some varibles to a particular program in abap memory then those varibles can't be used by anyother program in abap memory i.e., the variables are only for that program and also local to that memory,whereas sap memory can access all the abap memory or else it can perform any kind of modifications.
Answer3:
SAP memory is available to the user during the entire terminal session.
ABAP memory is available to the user during? life time? of? external session.
Answer1:
data sending between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap memory
data sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is abap memory
Answer2:
sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local memory.
For example, we have four programs in abap memory and assigned some varibles to a particular program in abap memory then those varibles can't be used by anyother program in abap memory i.e., the variables are only for that program and also local to that memory,whereas sap memory can access all the abap memory or else it can perform any kind of modifications.
Answer3:
SAP memory is available to the user during the entire terminal session.
ABAP memory is available to the user during? life time? of? external session.
What is the difference
between Type and Like?
Answer1:
TYPE, you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring.
LIKE,you assign the datatype of another object to the declaring data object. The datatype is referenced indirectly.
Answer2:
Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type whereas Like is a keyword used to copy the existing properties of already existing data object.
Answer3:
type refers the existing data type
like refers the existing data object
Answer1:
TYPE, you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring.
LIKE,you assign the datatype of another object to the declaring data object. The datatype is referenced indirectly.
Answer2:
Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type whereas Like is a keyword used to copy the existing properties of already existing data object.
Answer3:
type refers the existing data type
like refers the existing data object
What is Tcode SE16. For what
is it used. Explain briefly?
Answer1:
SE16 is a T-code for object browser.
Generally used to search the fields of SAP Tables . and respective data.
Answer2:
se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the contents of the table and we cannot change or append new fields to the existing structure of the table as we cannot view the structure level display using the se16
Answer1:
SE16 is a T-code for object browser.
Generally used to search the fields of SAP Tables . and respective data.
Answer2:
se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the contents of the table and we cannot change or append new fields to the existing structure of the table as we cannot view the structure level display using the se16
What are different ABAP/4
editors? What are the differences?
The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages,module pool , function group ,classes, programs ( where you can create ur programs) and BSP applications .
The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages,module pool , function group ,classes, programs ( where you can create ur programs) and BSP applications .
What is difference between
dialog program and a report?
Report is a excecutable program
Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a transaction only.
Dialog programming is used for customization ofscreens
Report is a excecutable program
Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a transaction only.
Dialog programming is used for customization ofscreens
How do you connect to the
remote server if you are working from the office for the client in remote
place.
WAS web application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other server is at the clients place you can generate IDOC, intermidiate documents which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed.
WAS web application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other server is at the clients place you can generate IDOC, intermidiate documents which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed.
Explain about roll area ,
Dispatcher, ABAP-Processor.
Answer1:
Roll area is nothing but memory allocated by work process. It holds the information needed by R/3 about programs execution such as value of the variables.
Dispatcher :All the requests that come from presentation server will be directed first to dispatcher. Further dispatcher sends this requests to work process on FIFO(First In and First Out) basis.
Answer2:
Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to one of the work process.
Roll area: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as Role Area, which consists of User context and session data.
ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic
Answer1:
Roll area is nothing but memory allocated by work process. It holds the information needed by R/3 about programs execution such as value of the variables.
Dispatcher :All the requests that come from presentation server will be directed first to dispatcher. Further dispatcher sends this requests to work process on FIFO(First In and First Out) basis.
Answer2:
Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to one of the work process.
Roll area: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as Role Area, which consists of User context and session data.
ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic
Which one is not an exit
comand ? (Exit, cencle, stop, back)
STOP.
Effect :The statement STOP is only to be used in executable programs
EXIT.
Effect :If the EXIT statement is executed outside of a loop, it will immediately terminate the current processing block.
BACK.
Effect : This statement positions the list cursor on the first position of the first line in a logical unit.
So "Cancle" is not an exit command
STOP.
Effect :The statement STOP is only to be used in executable programs
EXIT.
Effect :If the EXIT statement is executed outside of a loop, it will immediately terminate the current processing block.
BACK.
Effect : This statement positions the list cursor on the first position of the first line in a logical unit.
So "Cancle" is not an exit command
What is Field symbol ?
Answer1:
You can use field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example the name of a table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal call the form with any internal table, using the name of the table control as a parameter.
Example
form insert_row
using p_tc_name.
field-symbols <tc> type cxtab_control. "Table control
assign (p_tc_name) to <tc>.
* insert 100 lines in table control
<tc>-lines = 100.
Answer2:
fieldsymbol has the same concept as pointer in c,
fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like char, num instead of that it points to the memory block. the syntax for fieldsymbol is
FIELD-SYMBOL <N>.
EG. FOR FIELD SYMBOL.
DATA: DAT LIKE SY-DATUM,
TIM LIKE SY-UZEIT,
CHAR(3) TYPE C VALUE 'ADF'.
FIELD-SYMBOL : <FS>.
MOVE DAT TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE TIM TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE CHAR TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
The output will be
Today's date
current time
Answer1:
You can use field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example the name of a table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal call the form with any internal table, using the name of the table control as a parameter.
Example
form insert_row
using p_tc_name.
field-symbols <tc> type cxtab_control. "Table control
assign (p_tc_name) to <tc>.
* insert 100 lines in table control
<tc>-lines = 100.
Answer2:
fieldsymbol has the same concept as pointer in c,
fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like char, num instead of that it points to the memory block. the syntax for fieldsymbol is
FIELD-SYMBOL <N>.
EG. FOR FIELD SYMBOL.
DATA: DAT LIKE SY-DATUM,
TIM LIKE SY-UZEIT,
CHAR(3) TYPE C VALUE 'ADF'.
FIELD-SYMBOL : <FS>.
MOVE DAT TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE TIM TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE CHAR TO <FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
The output will be
Today's date
current time
What is lock object ?
LockObjects used to synchornize access of several users using same data.
LockObjects used to synchornize access of several users using same data.
Why BAPI need then BDC ?
BAPI"S provide the standard interface to other applications apart from SAP and within differnt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so dosen"t depends on screen flow. BDC gets failed if we make changes for screen changes through IMG customization
BAPI"S provide the standard interface to other applications apart from SAP and within differnt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so dosen"t depends on screen flow. BDC gets failed if we make changes for screen changes through IMG customization
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using views in ABAP programming ?
advantages: view is used to retrieve the data very fastly from the database tables
*memory wastage is reduced
*faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables
disadvantages:
view is not a container,it will not hold the data
*view memory is not permanent memory
advantages: view is used to retrieve the data very fastly from the database tables
*memory wastage is reduced
*faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables
disadvantages:
view is not a container,it will not hold the data
*view memory is not permanent memory
How data is stored in cluster
table?
A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables.
It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata)
A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables.
It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata)
Have you used performance
tuning? What major steps will you use for these?
First of all tunning can be done
In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning,
Before tunning u have to get the status of your database using
Oracle utility called statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning
First of all tunning can be done
In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning,
Before tunning u have to get the status of your database using
Oracle utility called statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning
How to create client
independent tables?
client independent tables:
the table in which the first field is not mandt is the client independent tables
*mandt is the field with mandt as the data element
*automatically client which we login is populated to mandt
client independent tables:
the table in which the first field is not mandt is the client independent tables
*mandt is the field with mandt as the data element
*automatically client which we login is populated to mandt
What type of user exits have
you written?
there are four types
1.function exit
2.menu ixit
3.screen exit.
4.field exit.
these are the user exits
there are four types
1.function exit
2.menu ixit
3.screen exit.
4.field exit.
these are the user exits
What is a View ?
- A view is a logical grouping of one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. A view can be used to summarize data which is distributed among several tables
- A view is a logical grouping of one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. A view can be used to summarize data which is distributed among several tables
How are the types of
Views?
Database View (SE11)
Database views are implement an inner join, that is, only records of the primary table (selected via the join operation) for which the corresponding records of the secondary tables also exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary and secondary table could, therefore, lead to a reduced selection set. In database views, the join conditions can be formulated using equality relationships between any base fields. In the other types of view, they must be taken from existing foreign keys. That is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help view if they are linked to one another via foreign keys.
Database views are implement an inner join, that is, only records of the primary table (selected via the join operation) for which the corresponding records of the secondary tables also exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary and secondary table could, therefore, lead to a reduced selection set. In database views, the join conditions can be formulated using equality relationships between any base fields. In the other types of view, they must be taken from existing foreign keys. That is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help view if they are linked to one another via foreign keys.
Help View ( SE54)
Help views are used to output additional information when the online help system is called. When the F4 button is pressed for a screen field, a check is first made on whether a matchcode is defined for this field. If this is not the case, the help view is displayed in which the check table of the field is the primary table. Thus, for each table no more than one help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table in at most one help view.
Help views are used to output additional information when the online help system is called. When the F4 button is pressed for a screen field, a check is first made on whether a matchcode is defined for this field. If this is not the case, the help view is displayed in which the check table of the field is the primary table. Thus, for each table no more than one help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table in at most one help view.
Projection View
Projection views are used to suppress or mask certain fields in a table (projection), thus minimizing the number of interfaces. This means that only the data that is actually required is exchanged when the database is accessed. A projection view can draw upon only one table. Selection conditions cannot be specified for projection views.
Projection views are used to suppress or mask certain fields in a table (projection), thus minimizing the number of interfaces. This means that only the data that is actually required is exchanged when the database is accessed. A projection view can draw upon only one table. Selection conditions cannot be specified for projection views.
Maintenance View ( SE54 )
Maintenance views enable a business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at the same time, making it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from several tables can be summarized in a maintenance view and maintained collectively via this view. That is, the data is entered via the view and then distributed to the underlying tables by the system.
Maintenance views enable a business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at the same time, making it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from several tables can be summarized in a maintenance view and maintained collectively via this view. That is, the data is entered via the view and then distributed to the underlying tables by the system.
What is Locking ?
- When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism.
- When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism.
When dialog
transactions are programmed, locks are set and released by calling certain
function modules. These function modules are generated automatically from the
definition of so-called lock objects in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. To synchronize
the access to a table by setting and removing locks, a Lock object has to be
defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Activating the lock object automatically
creates #function modules for setting and removing locks. These function
modules must be included when programming interactive
transactions.
Lock Mechanism
To set locks, a lock object must be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. In this lock object, those tables in which data records are to be locked by calling a lock are determined. All tables included in a lock object must be connected to each other via foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock object form the Lock arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis for formulating the logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When activating this lock object, two function modules with the names ENQUEUE_ and DEQUEUE_ are generated.
To set locks, a lock object must be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. In this lock object, those tables in which data records are to be locked by calling a lock are determined. All tables included in a lock object must be connected to each other via foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock object form the Lock arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis for formulating the logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When activating this lock object, two function modules with the names ENQUEUE_ and DEQUEUE_ are generated.
Example :
Problem: You wish to prevent a user from being able to change the name of a course or the name of the professor with responsibility for the course at a time when another user is editing the course description (which contains this information).
Problem: You wish to prevent a user from being able to change the name of a course or the name of the professor with responsibility for the course at a time when another user is editing the course description (which contains this information).
Solution: The problem described above
can be solved by defining a lock object E_UKURS. This is done by defining
primary and secondary tables in the lock object. Table UKURS is check table of
table UKRSB, so UKURS should be selected as primary table and UKRSB as
secondary table of the lock object. The Lock argument in this case is the field
combination FABNR, KRSNR, and SPRAS (i.e Primary Key Combination). The Lock
mode Shared is to be selected here. This allows several users to access the
data simultaneously in display mode. The lock mode in the generated function
modules for setting (ENQUEUE_E_UKURS) and releasing (DEQUEUE_E_UKURS) locks is
therefore set to shared as default, but can be overridden by calling the
function modules. If the function module ENQUEUE_E_UKURS is called with FABNR =
‘1′ and KRSNR = ‘3′, the record for course 3 in faculty 1 is locked in table
UKURS. Furthermore, all the course descriptions for this course are locked in
table UKRSB since field SPRAS was not specified when the function module was
called. In such cases, the lock is made generically for a field which is not
defined. If the function module DEQUEUE_E_UKURS is now called with FABNR = ‘1′,
KRSNR = ‘3′ and SPRAS = ‘D’, the German course description is unlocked. All
other course descriptions remain locked.
What
is database
utility
?
Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system.
The database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the relational database underlying the SAP system. You can call the database utility from the initial screen of the ABAP/4 Dictionary with Utilities ® Database utility. The database utility allows you to create, delete and convert objects from the ABAP/4 Dictionary in the database. MODULARIZATION What is Modularization and its benefits? If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure. Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and to update.
Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system.
The database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the relational database underlying the SAP system. You can call the database utility from the initial screen of the ABAP/4 Dictionary with Utilities ® Database utility. The database utility allows you to create, delete and convert objects from the ABAP/4 Dictionary in the database. MODULARIZATION What is Modularization and its benefits? If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure. Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and to update.
1. What guarantees the
integration of all application modules?
The R/3 basis system guarantees the integration of all application
modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run time environment for the R/3
applications ensures optimal integration, defines a stable architectural frame
for system enhancements, and contains the administration tools for the entire
system.One of the main tasks of the basis system is to guarantee the
portability of the complete system.
2. What are the central
interfaces of the R/3 system?
Presentation Interface.
Database Interface.
Operating system Interface.
3. Which interface
controls what is shown on the p.c.?
Presentation Interface.
4. Which interface converts SQL
requirements in the SAP development system to those of the database?
Database Interface.
5. What is SAP dispatcher?
SAP dispatcher is the control agent that manages the resources for the R/3
applications.
6. What are the functions of dispatcher?
Equal distribution of transaction load to the work processes.
Management of buffer areas in main memory.
Integration of the presentation levels.
Organization of communication activities.
7. What is a work process?
A work process is where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the
work is done. Each work process handles one type of request.
8. Name various work processes of R/3 system?
Dialog or Online (processes only one request at a time).
Background (Started at a specific time)
Update (primary or secondary)
Enque (Lock mechanism).
Spool (generated online or during back ground processing for printing).
9. Explain about the two services that are
used to deal with communication.
Message
Service: Used by the application servers to exchange short internal messages,
all system communications.
Gateway
Service: Enables communication between R/3 and external applications using
CPI-C protocol.
10. Which work process triggers database
changes?
Update
work process.
11. Define service (within R/3)?
A
service is a process or group of processes that perform a specific system
function and often provide an application-programming interface for other
processes to call.
12. What are the roll and page areas?
Roll
and page areas are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process
requests). The SAP dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes
as they are queued in the roll and page areas.
Paging
area holds data from the application programs.
Roll
area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the user.
13. What are the different layers in R/3
system?
Presentation
Layer.
Application
Layer.
Database
Layer.
14. What are the phases of background
processing?
Job
Scheduling.
Job
Processing.
Job
Overview.
15. What components of the R/e system
initiate the start of background jobs at the specified time?
The
batch scheduler initiates the start of background job. The dispatcher
then sends this request to an available background work process for processing.
16. Define Instance.
An
instance is an administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems
providing one or more services are grouped together. The services offered
by an instance are started and stopped at random. All components are
parameterized using a joint instance profile. A central R/3 system
consists of a single instance in which all-necessary SAP services are offered.
Each instance uses separate buffer areas.
17. From hardware perspective, every
information system can be divided into three task areas Presentation,
Application Logic and Data Storage.
The
R/3 Basis software is highly suitable for use in multi-level client/server
architectures.
18. What are R/3 Basis configurations?
A
central system with centrally installed presentation software.
Two-level
client/server system with rolled out presentation software.
Two-level
client/server system. Presentation and Application run on the same computer.
Three-level
client/server system. Presentation, Application and database each run on
separate computers.
19. What is a Service in SAP terminology?
A
service refers to something offered by a s/w component.
20. What is Server in
SAP terminology?
A
component can consist of one process or a group and is then called the server
for the respective service.
21. What is a client in
SAP terminology?
A
S/W component that uses the service (offered by a s/w component) is called a
Client. At the same time these clients may also be servers for other
services.
22.What is a SAP
system?
The
union of all s/w components that are assigned to the same databases is called
as a SAP system.
23. What is the means
of communications between R/3 and external applications?
The
means of communication between R/2,R/3 and external applications is via the
CPI-C handler or SAP Gateway, using the CPI-C Protocol.
24. What is the
protocol used by SAP Gateway process?
The
SAP Gateway process communicates with the clients based on the TCP/IP Protocol.
25. Expand CPI-C.
Common
Program Interface Communication.
26. What is a Spool
request?
Spool
requests are generated during dialog or background processing and placed in the
spool database with information about the printer and print format. The
actual data is places in the Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects).
27. What are different
types of Log records?
V1
and V2. V1 must be processed before V2. But, we can have more than
one V2 logs.
28. What are the types
of Update requests?
An
update request can be divided into one primary (V1) and several Secondary
update components (V2). Time-critical operations are placed in V1
component and those whose timing is less critical are placed in V2 components.
If a V1 update fails, V2 components will not be processed.
29. Dialog work
processes perform only one dialog step and then available for the next request.
30. Explain what is a transaction in SAP
terminology.
In
SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.
31. Explain how SAP GUI handles output
screen for the user.
The
SAP front-end s/w can either run on the same computer or on different computers
provided for that purpose. User terminal input is accepted by the SAP terminal
program SAP GUI, converted to SAP proprietary format and sent to the SAP
dispatcher. The dispatcher coordinates the information exchange between
the SAP GUIs and the work processes. The dispatcher first places the
processing request in request queues, which it then processes. The
dispatcher dispatches the requests one after another, to the available work
process. The actual processing takes place in the work process.
When processing is complete, the result of a work process is returned via the
dispatcher to the SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and
generates the output screen for the user.
BDC
1.
What is full form of BDC Session?
Batch
Data Communication Session.
2.
What are the steps in a BDC session?
The
first step in a BDC session is to identify the screens of the transaction that
the program will process. Next step is to write a program to build the
BDC table that will be used to submit the data to SAP. The final step is
to submit the BDC table to the system in the batch mode or as a single
transaction by the CALL TRANSACTION command.
3.
How do you find the information on the current screen?
The
information on the current screen can be found by SYSTEM à STATUS command from
any menu.
4.
How do you save data in BDC tables?
The
data in BDC tables is saved by using the field name ‘BDC_OKCODE’ and field
value of ‘/11’.
5.
What is the last entry in all BDC tables?
In
all BDC tables the last entry is to save the data by using the field name BDC_OKCODE
and a field value of ‘/11’.
6.
What is a multiple line field?
A
multiple line field is a special kind of field which allows the user to enter
multiple lines of data into it.
7.
How do you populate data into a multiple line field?
To
populate data into a multiple line field, an index is added to the field name
to indicate which line is to be populated by the BDC session (Line
index).
8.
Write the BDC table structure.
BDC
table structure
FIELD
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Program
CHAR
(8)
Program name of transaction.
DynPro CHAR
(4)
Screen number of transaction.
DynBegin CHAR
(1)
Indicator for new screen.
Fnam CHAR
(35)
Name of database field from screen.
Fval CHAR
(80)
Value to submit to field.
9.
Does the CALL TRANSACTION method allow multiple transactions to be processed by
SAP?
No.
The CALL TRANSACTION method allows only a single transaction to be processed by
SAP.
10.
Does the BDC-INSERT function allow multiple transactions to be processed by
SAP?
Yes.
11.
What is the syntax for ‘CALL TRANSACTION’?
CALL
TRANSACTION trans [using bdctab MODE mode].
Three
possible entries are there for MODE.
A
- Show all screens.
E
- Show only screens
with errors.
N
- Show no screens.
What
are the layers of data description in R/3?
The external layer.
The ABAP/4 layer.
The database layer.
Define
external layer?
The
external layer is the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data,
that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is
independent of the database system used.
Define
ABAP/4 layer?
The
ABAP/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.
Define
Database layer?
The database layer describes the data formats used in the database.
What
is a Data Class?
The
Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is
created in the database.
What
is a Size Category?
The
Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.
How
many types of size categories and data classes are there?
There
are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are
appropriate for application tables:
APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).
APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is
configured and then rarely changed).
The
other two types are:
USR
USR1 – Intended for customer’s own developments.
What
are control tables?
The
values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to
database-specific values via control tables.
What
is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?
The
function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any
changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport
these changes between different SAP systems.
What
is a table pool?
A
table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4
Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields
and a long argument field (VARDATA).
What
are pooled tables?
These
are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are
defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen
sequences or program parameters).
What
is a table cluster?
A
table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a
single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a
cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.
How
can we access the correction and transport system?
Each
time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4
Dictionary, you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction
and transport system.
Which
objects are independent transport objects?
Domains,
Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for
transparent tables, Structures, Views, Matchcode objects, Matchcode Ids, Lock
objects.
How
is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer?
Conversion
between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database
interface.
How
is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level?
Conversion
between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog
manager DYNP.
What
are the Data types of the external layer?
ACCP,
Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG, LCHR, LRAW,
NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC.
What
are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?
Possible
ABAP/4 data types:
C:
Character.
D:
Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F:
Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I:
Integer.
N:
Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P:
Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S:
Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V:
Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X:
Hexadecimal (binary) storage.
How
can we set the table spaces and extent sizes?
You
can specify the extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the
database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size
category and data class.
What
is the function of the correction system?
The
correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as
objects of the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
What
are local objects?
Local
objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.
What
is a Development class?
Related
objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development
class. This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a
unit.
What
is a data dictionary?
Data
Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its
main function is to support the creation and management of data
definitions. It has details about
what data is contained?
What are the attributes of the data?
What is the relationship existing between the various data elements?
What
functions does a data dictionary perform?
In
a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data
dictionary are
Management of data definitions.
Provision of information for evaluation.
Support for s/w development.
Support form documentation.
Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.
What
are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary?
The
most important features are:
Integrated to aABAP/4 Development Workbench.
Active in the runtime environment.
What
are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary?
The
following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
Information on fields displayed with F1 help.
Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help.
Matchcode and help views search utilities.
What
are the basic objects of the data dictionary?
Tables
Domains
Data elements
Structures
Foreign Keys
What
are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary?
Views
Match codes
Lock objects.
In
the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying
database (T/F).
True.
ABAP/4
Dictionary contains the Logical definition of the table.
A
field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to a
reference table and a reference field. Explain.
As
a reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or
any other table, which contains a field with the currency key format.
This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field
containing currency amounts to the reference field is made at runtime.
The value in the reference field determines the currency of the amount.
A
field containing quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a
reference table and a reference field. Explain?
As
a reference table, a system table containing all the valid quantity units is
assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity
units (data type UNIT). This field is called as reference field.
The
assignment of the field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is
made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the quantity
unit of the amount.
What
is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in
the data dictionary)? By specifying technical settings we can control how
database tables are created in the database. The technical settings
allows us to
Optimize storage space requirements.
Table access behavior.
Buffering required.
Changes to entries logged.
What
is a Table attribute?
The
table’s attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and
which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table
attributes are:
Delivery class.
Table maintenance allowed.
Activation type.
What
is the significance of Delivery Class?
The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is
responsible for table maintenance.
Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.
Determines the table type.
Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when
it is transported, and when a client copy is performed.
What
is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure.
Nine.
What
are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?
Append Structures and
Customizing Includes.
What
is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure?
In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the
form of a statement include….
In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the
reference originates in the append structure.
To
how many tables can an append structure be assigned.
One.
If
a table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append
structures why?
Long
fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the
table. If a table has an append structure the append line must also be on
the last field of the table.
Can
we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster
tables?
No.
What
are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain?
By specifying fixed values.
By stipulating a value table.
Structures
can contain data only during the runtime of a program (T/F)
True.
What
are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary?
Views
Match Code.
Lock Object.
What
are base tables of an aggregate object?
The tables making up an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate
object.
The
data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables
(t/f)
True.
What
are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0?
Structure Views.
Entity Views.
What
is a Match Code?
Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match
Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is
unknown.
What
are the two levels in defining a Match Code?
Match Code Object.
Match Code Id.
What
is the max no of match code Id’s that can be defined for one Match code object?
A
match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.
Can
we define our own Match Code ID’s for SAP Matchcodes?
Yes,
the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a
SAP defined Matchcode object.
What
is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?
If
the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode
data has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is
to be updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies
which method is to be used for Building matchcodes. You must specify the
update type when you define a matchcode ID.
Can
matchcode object contain Ids with different update types?
Yes.
What
are the update types possible?
The
following update types are possible:
Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database
changes.
Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes.
Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.
Update type L: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function
module.
What
are the two different ways of building a match code object?
A
match code can be built in two different ways:
Logical structure: The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when
the match code is accessed. (Update type I, k).
Physical Structure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate
table in the database. (Update type A, S, P).
What
are the differences between a Database index and a match code?
Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain
fields from only one table.
Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster
tables.
What
is the function of a Domain?
A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the
fields, which refers to this domain.
A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are
identical in structure.
Can
you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements?
No.
What
are conversion routines?
Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and
vice-versa are implemented with so called conversion routines.
What
is the function of a data element?
A
data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical
context. A data element contains semantic information.
Can
a domain, assigned to a data element be changed?
Yes.
We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.
Can
you delete data element, which is being used by table fields.
No.
Can
you define a field without a data element?
Yes.
If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you
can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table
maintenance.
What
are null values?
If
the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null
value.
What
is the difference between a structure and a table?
Structures
are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using
that no database table is generated from them.
What
is a view?
A
view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more
tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead
being derived from one or more tables.
How
many types of Views are there?
Database View
Help View
Projection View
Maintenance View
What
is Locking?
When
two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronized by a lock mechanism.
What
is database utility?
Database
utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the
SAP system.
What
are the basic functions of Database utility?
The
basic functions of database utility are:
Create database objects.
Delete database objects.
Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.
What
is Repository Info. Systems?
It
is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary
available.
Does
every ABAP/4 have a modular structure?
Yes.
What
is Modularization and its benefits?
If
the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required
to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using
modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make
them easy to read and improve their structure. Modularized programs are
also easier to maintain and to update.
Name
the ABAP/4 Modularization techniques.
·
Source code module.
·
Subroutines.
·
Functions.
How
can we create callable modules of program code within one ABAP/4 program?
·
By defining Macros.
·
By creating include programs in the library.
M
is the attribute type of the module program.
Is
it possible to pass data to and from include programs explicitly?
No.
If it is required to pass data to and from modules it is required to use
subroutines or function modules.
What
are subroutines?
Subroutines
are program modules, which can be called from other ABAP/4 programs or within
the same program.
What
are the types of Subroutines?
·
Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in
the same ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure (internal call).
·
External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines will be in an
ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure.
It
is not possible to create an ABAP/4 program, which contains only Subroutines
(T/F).
False.
A
subroutine can contain nested form and endform blocks. (T/F)
False.
Data
can be passed between calling programs and the subroutines using Parameters.
What
are the different types of parameters?
Formal Parameters: Parameters, which are defined during the definition of
subroutine with the FORM statement.
Actual Parameters: Parameters which are specified during the call of a
subroutine with the PERFORM statement.
How
can one distinguish between different kinds of parameters?
·
Input parameters are used to pass data to subroutines.
·
Output parameters are used to pass data from subroutines.
What
are the different methods of passing data?
·
Calling by reference: During a subroutine call, only the address of the actual
parameter is transferred to the formal parameters. The formal parameter
has no memory of its own, and we work with the field of the calling program
within the subroutine. If we change the formal parameter, the field
contents in the calling program also changes.
·
Calling by value: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created
as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have memory of
their own. Changes to the formal parameters have no effect on the actual
parameters.
·
Calling by value and result: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters
are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters
have their own memory space. Changes to the formal parameters are copied
to the actual parameters at the end of the subroutine.
The
method by which internal tables are passed is By Reference.
16. How can an internal table with Header line and one without header
line be distinguished when passed to a subroutine?
Itab [] is used in the form and endform if the internal table is passed with a
header line.
What
should be declared explicitly in the corresponding ABAP/4 Statements to access
internal tables without header lines & why?
Work
Area. This is required as the Work Area is the interface for transferring data
to and from the table.
A
subroutine can be terminated unconditionally using EXIT. (T/F)
True.
A
subroutine can be terminated upon a condition using CHECK Statement.
Function
Modules are also external Subroutines. (T/F).
True.
What
is the difference between the function module and a normal ABAP/4 subroutine?
In
contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uniquely defined
interface. Declaring data as common parts is not possible for function
modules. Function modules are stored in a central library.
What
is a function group?
A
function group is a collection of logically related modules that share global
data with each other. All the modules in the group are included in the
same main program. When an ABAP/4 program contains a CALL FUNCTION
statement, the system loads the entire function group in with the program code
at runtime. Every function module belongs to a function group.
What
is the disadvantage of a call by reference?
During
a call by reference damage or loss of data is not restricted to the subroutine,
but will instantly lead to changes to the original data objects.
A
function module can be called from a transaction screen outside an ABAP/4
program. (T/F).
True.
What
is an update task?
It
is an SAP provided procedure for updating a database.
What
happens if a function module runs in an update task?
The
system performs the module processing asynchronously. Instead of carrying
out the call immediately, the system waits until the next database update is
triggered with the ‘COMMIT WORK’ command.
The
function modules are created and stored in the Function Library.
When
a function module is activated syntax checking is performed automatically.
(Y/N)
True.
What
is the use of the RAISING exception?
The
raising exception determines whether the calling program will handle the
exception itself or leave the exception to the system.
What
is the difference between internal tables and extract datasets?
·
The lines of an internal table always have the same structure. By using extract
datasets, you can handle groups of data with different structure and get
statistical figures from the grouped data.
·
You have to define the structure of the internal table at the beginning. You
need not define the structure of the extract dataset.
·
In contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses exact datasets
when storing them. This reduces the storage space required.
·
Internal tables require special work area for interface whereas extract
datasets do not need a special work area for interface.
It
is possible to assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function
module to a field group. (T/F).
False.
What
is the difference between field-group header and other field groups?
The
header field group is a special field group for the sort criteria. The
system automatically prefixes any other field groups with the header field
group.
Can
a filed occur in several field groups.
Yes.
But it leads to unnecessary data redundancy.
When
sorting the extract dataset the fields used as default sort key lie in the
Header field group.
What
does the insert statement in extract datasets do?
It defines the fields of a field group.
What
does the extract statement do in extract datasets?
The
data is written to virtual memory by extract commands.
A
field-groups statement or an insert statement reverses storage space and
transfers values. (T/F).
False.
While
using extract datasets it is required to have a special workarea for interface
(T/F)
False.
The
LOOP-ENDLOOP on extract datasets can be used without any kind of errors (T/F)
False.
It causes runtime errors.
The
Maximum no of key fields that can be used in a header is 50.
While
sorting field groups we cannot use more than one key field (T/F).
False.
While
sorting, if the main storage available is not enough, the system writes data to
an external help file. The SAP profile parameter, which determines this
help file, is DIR_SORTTMP.
43.
The extract statements in field groups can be used before or after processing
the sort statements. (T/F)
FALSE.
REPORT
GENERATION – FORMATTING
The
alignment of a type ‘c’ field in a report is left Aligned.
In
the statement Write:/15(10) Ofal-lifnr. what do the number 15 and 10 stand for
15 stand for the offset on the screen and 10 stands for the field length
displayed.
3.
Specify the default alignment for the following field types:
‘D’
– Left, ‘F’-Right, ‘N’-Left, ‘I’-Right, ‘T’-Left.
If
s_time has the value ‘123456’ how would you get an output of 12:34:56 with a
single ‘Write:’ statement.
Write:s_time
using edit mask’--:--:--‘.
In
order to suppress the leading zeroes of a number field the keywords used are
NO-ZERO.
The
total no of date formats that can be used to display a date during output is
MM/DD/YY, DD/MM/YY, DD/MM/YYYY, MM/DD/YYYY, MMDDYY, DDMMYY, YYMMDD.
The
UNDER Command allows for vertical alignment of fields one below the other.
In
order to concatenate strings only for output purposes the command NO-GAP can be
used in conjunction with the ‘Write’ statement.
The
no of decimal places for output can be defines within a write statement. (T/F).
TRUE.
Write:/<F> decimals 2.
Data
can be moved from one field to another using a ‘Write:’ Statement and stored in
the desired format. (T/F).
TRUE.
Write: Date_1 to Date_2 format DD/MM/YY.
In
the statement Write:/15(10) lfa1-lifnr. The values 15 and 11 can also be
defined by variables (T/F). False.
Differentiate
between the following two statements if any.
ULINE.
Write:
sy-uline.
No-difference.
Except that uline is used outside the ‘Write’ Statement.
In
order to skip a single line the number of lines need not be given as an
assignment (T/F)
TRUE.
The
“SKIP TO LINE line number” is dependent on the LINE-COUNT statement
included in the report statement of the program.
In
order to skip columns the command used is POSITION <n>.
In
order to have boldfaced text as output the command used is Write:<f>INTENSIFIED.
Background
and foreground colors can be interchanged using the command Format Inverse.
In
order to restore the system defaults for all changes made with the format
statement is Format Reset.
Like
ULINE the statement VLINE is used to insert vertical lines. (T/F).
False.
20.
Suppressing the number signs (+/-) is carried out using the addition NO-SIGNS
to the Write statement. (T/F). False.
If
SY-UZEIT has the value 6:34:45 it can be displayed as 063445 using No Edit
Mask.
If
the variable “Text” has the value ‘ABCDEF’ the output for the statement
“Write:/Text+2(3)” will be “CDE”
The
fields specified by select-options and parameters statement cannot be grouped
together in the selection screen. (T/F). False.
When
calling an external report the parameters or select-options specified in the
external report cannot be called. (T/F)
FALSE.
Selection
Texts in the text elements of the program helps in changing the displayed
names of variables in the parameters statement.
Type
F datatype cannot be used to define parameters.
27.
Rounding off of values can be carried out using the write statement. (T/F).
TRUE
How
would you define the exponents for a type ‘f’ field?
Exponent
<e>.
How
would you format the output as left, centered or right-justified using the
write statement.
Left-justified,
Centered, Right-justified.
If
the same formatting options were used for a WRITE statement that follows the
FORMAT statement, which settings would take precedence.
The
settings in the Write Statement.
For
each new event, the system resets all formatting options to their default
values (T/F)
TRUE.
All
formatting options have the default value OFF. (T/F).
TRUE.
How
would you set the formatting options statically and dynamically within a
report? Statically: FORMAT <option1>[ON|OFF]….
Dynamically:
FORMAT <option1> = <var1><option2>=<var2>….
The
page footer is defined using the statement END-OF-PAGE.
The
processing block following END-OF-PAGE is processed only if you reserve lines
for the footer in the LINE-COUNT option of the REPORT statement. (T/F)
TRUE.
To
execute a page break under the condition that less than a certain number of
lines is left on a page is achieved by RESERVE n lines.
The
RESERVE statement only takes effect if output is written to the subsequent
page. No blank pages are created and it defines a block of lines that
must be output as a whole. (T/F). TRUE.
To
set the next output line to the first line of a block of lines defined with the
RESERVE statement the statement BACK is used.
What
is the limit for the length of a page if the page length is not specified in
the report statement. 60,000 lines.
How
would you start the printing process from within the program while creating a
list?
NEW-PAGE
PRINT ON.
You
can change the width of pages within list levels triggered by page breaks.
(T/F).
FALSE.
Hotspots
are special areas of an output list used to trigger events. (T/F) TRUE.
To
designate fields as hotspots at runtime, use FORMAT HOTSPOT = <h>.
Horizontal
lines created with ULINE and blank lines created with SKIP can be formatted as
hotspots. (T/F). FALSE.
How
would you suppress the display of a parameter on the selection screen?
Parameters
<p> ………..No-Display.
Can
you assign a matchcode object to a parameter? If so how?
Yes.
PARAMETERS <p>……..MATCHCODE OBJECT <obj>……..
For
each SELECT-OPTIONS statement, the system creates a selection table. (T/F)
TRUE.
To
position a set of parameters or comments on a single line on the selection
screen, you must declare the elements in a block enclosed by
SELECTION-SCREEN
BEGIN OF LINE.
……..
SELECTION-SCREEN
END OF LINE.
How
can Symbols or R/3 icons be output on the screen?
WRITE <symbol-name>AS SYMBOL.
WRITE <icon-name> AS ICON.
In
the standard setting, you cannot create empty lines with the WRITE statement
alone. (T/F). TRUE.
REPORTING
– GENERAL
The
system field, which indicates success or failure of a SQL operation, is
SY-SUBRC.
What
is the syntax for specifying database table name at runtime in SELECT
statement.
NAME
= ‘SPFL1’.
SELECT
* FROM (NAME).
……………….
……………….
ENDSELECT.
How
do you read selected lines of database table into an internal table in packages
of predefined size.
SELECT
* FROM <SPFLI>INTO TABLE <ITAB>PACKAGE SIZE<N>.
Where
n is variable.
Name
the WILDCARD characters which are used for comparisons with character strings
& numeric strings. ‘%’ and ‘-‘.
In
SELECT statements can you specify a variable in WHERE condition or a part of
the condition, if so what is the syntax.
SELECT
* FROM <table>WHERE <var1><condition><var or const>.
Name
the ABAP/4 key words, which are used to change the contents of database table.
UPDATE
or MODIFY.
7.
How to specify a client for database table processing.
TABLES
SPFLI.
SELECT
* FROM SPFLI CLIENT SPECIFIED WHERE MANDT BETWEEN ‘001’ AND ‘003’.
……..
ENDSELECT.
How
do you write a DATA object from ABAP/4 program to ABAP/4 memory and restore the
same from memory to program.
EXPORT
<f1>[FROM <g1>]<f2>[FROM <g2>]…. TO MEMORY ID
<key>.
The
ID <key>, which can be up to 32 characters long, identifies the data in
memory.
What
are DATA CLUSTERS?
You
can group any complex internal data objects of an ABAP/4 program together in
data clusters and store them temporarily in ABAP/4 memory or for longer periods
in databases. You can store data clusters in special databases of the
ABAP/4 Dictionary. These databases are known as ABAP/4 cluster databases
and have a predefined structure. Storing a data cluster is specific to
ABAP/4. Although you can also access cluster databases using SQL
statements, only ABAP/4 statements are able to decode the structure of the
stored data cluster.
Statements
used to delete data objects in ABAP/4 memory FREE MEMORY [ID <key>].
How
will you create a file on application server.
Open
dataset <dsn> for output.
ABAP/4
statement for opening a file on application server for reading Open dataset
<dsn> for input.
How
will you transfer data into a file in application server?
Data
fname(60) value ‘mYFILE’.
Data
num type i.
Open
dataset fname for output.
Do
10 times.
Num = Num +1.
Transfer num to fname.
Enddo.
…….etc.
Name
the function modules to write data from an Internal Table to the Presentation
Server.
DOWNLOAD
and WS_DOWNLOAD.
Name
the function module that can be used to give information about files on
Presentation Server and about its Operating System.
WS_QUERY.
Name
the ABAP/4 key word, which is used to clear the Headerline of an Internal
Table.
CLEAR<itab>.
Name
the function modules to read data from Presentation Server into an Internal
Table.
UPLOAD
and WS_UPLOAD.
Name
the ABAP/4 keywords to initialize an Internal Table with and without
headerline.
REFRESH
<itab>.
How
to determine the attributes of an internal table?
DESCRIBE
TABLE <itab>[LINES <lin>] [OCCURS <occ>].
Name
the ABAP/4 key word for searching a string in an Internal Table.
SEARCH
<itab> FOR <str><options>.
The
different options (<options>) for the search in an internal table are:
ABBREVIATED
Searches
table<itab>for a word containing the character string specified in
<str>, where other characters might separate the characters. The first
letter of the word and the string <str> must be the same.
STARTING
AT<lin1>
Searches
table<itab> for <str>, starting at line <line1>.
<\lin1> can be a variable.
ENDING
AT<n2>
Searches
table <itab>for <str>upto line<lin2>. <lin2>can be a
variable.
AND
MARK
If
the search string is found, all the characters in the search string (and all
the characters in between when using ABBREVIATED) are converted to upper
case.
What
are the different attributes that can be assigned to a variant?
The
different attributes that can be assigned to a variant are….
Description
Enter
a short, meaningful description of the variant. This may be upto 30
characters long.
Background
only
Specify
whether you want to use the variant in background processing only, or in online
environment as well.
Protected
variant.
Mark
the field if you want to protect your variant against being changed by other
users.
Do
not display variant.
Mark
this field if you want the variant name to be displayed in the catalog only,
but not in the F4 value list.
For
the selections you cover in a variant, you can enter the following attributes:
Type
The
system displays whether the field is a parameter or a select option.
Protected
Mark
this field for each field on the selection screen you want to protect from
being overwritten. Values that you mark this way are displayed to the
users, but they cannot change them, that are they are not ready to accept
input.
Invisible
If
you mark this column, the system will not display the corresponding field on
the selection screen the user sees when starting the report program.
Variable
Mark
this column if you want to set the value for this field at runtime.
Is
it possible to create new dynamic programs during runtime of an ABAP/4 program?
If so how?
To
create new dynamic programs during the runtime of an ABAP/4 program, you must
use an internal table. For this purpose, you should create this internal
table with one character type column and a line width of 72. You can use
any method you like from Filling Internal Tables to write the code of your new
program into the internal table. Especially, you can use internal fields
in which contents are dependent on the flow of the program that you use to
create a new one, to influence the coding of the new program dynamically.
The following example shows how to proceed in principal:
DATA
CODE (72) OCCURS 10.
APPEND
‘REPORT ZDYN1.’
TO
CODE.
APPEND
‘WRITE/”Hello, I am dynamically created!”.’
TO
CODE.
Two
lines of a very simple program are written into the internal table CODE.
In
the next step you have to put the new module, in the above example it is a
report, into the library. For this purpose you can use the following
statement:
Syntax
INSERT
REPORT <prog>FROM <itab>.
The
program <prog> is inserted in your present development class in the R/3
Repository. If a program with this name does not already exists, it is
newly created with the following attributes:
Title:
none,
Type:
1 (Reporting),
Application:
S (Basis).
You
can specify the name of the program <prog> explicitly within single
quotation marks or you can write the name of a character field, which contains
the program name. The name of the program must not necessarily be the
same as given in the coding, but it is recommended to do so. <itab>
is the internal table containing the source code. For the above example
you could write:
INSERT
REPORT ‘ZDYN1’ FROM CODE.
Or
DATA
REP (8).
REP
= ‘ZDYN1’
INSERT
REPORT REP FROM CODE.
Data
types can be elementary or structured (T/F).
TRUE.
The
amount of memory associated with a data type is ZERO.
Data
objects are the physical units a program uses at runtime. (T/F).
TRUE.
The
data object does not occupy any space in memory. (T/F)
FALSE.
What
are the three hierarchical levels of data types and objects?
Program-independent
data, defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.
Internal
data used globally in one program.
Data
used locally in a procedure (subroutine, function module)
How
would you find the attributes of a data type or data object?
DESCRIBE
FIELD <f> [LENGTH <l.] [TYPE <t> [COMPONENTS <n>]]
[OUTPUT-LENGTH <o>] [DECIMALS <d>]
[EDIT MASK <m>].
The
components of a field string cannot have different data types. (T/F).
FALSE.
Field
strings are also called as Record or Structures.
If
a field string is aligned (Left, centered, right justified etc.), the filler
fields are also added to the length of the type C field. (T/F).
TRUE.
You
cannot assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function module to
a field group. (T/F)
TRUE.
Field
group reserves storage space for the fields, and does not contain pointers to
existing fields (T/F).
False.
Defining
a field group as ‘HEADER’ is optional (T/F)
FALSE.
How
would you define a field symbol?
FIELD-SYMBOLS<FS>.
Which
function module would you use to check the user’s authorization to access files
before opening a file?
AUTHORITY_CHECK_DATASET
37.
Name the function module used to convert logical file names to physical file
names in ABAP/4 programs.
FILE_GET_NAME.
Parameters,
which are defined during the definition of a subroutine with the FORM
statement, are called Formal Parameters.
Parameters
which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the PERFORM statement
are called Actual Parameters.
In
subroutines internal tables that are passed by TABLES, are always called by
value and result. (T/F)
FALSE.
They are called by reference.
INTERACTIVE
REPORTING
1.
What is interactive reporting?
It
helps you to create easy-to-read lists. You can display an overview list
first that contains general information and provide the user with the
possibility of choosing detailed information that you display on further lists.
What
are the uses of interactive reporting?
The
user can actively control data retrieval and display during the session.
Instead of an extensive and detailed list, you create a basic list with
condensed information from which the user can switch to detailed displays by
positioning the cursor and entering commands. The detailed information
appears in secondary lists.
What
are the event key words in interactive reporting?
Event
Keyword
Event
AT
LINE-SELECTION
Moment at which the user selects a line by double clicking on it or by
positioning the cursor on it and pressing F2.
AT
USER-COMMAND
Moment at which the user presses a function key.
TOP-OF-PAGE
DURING
Moment during list processing of a
LINE-SELECTION
secondary list at which a new page starts.
What
is secondary list?
It
allows you to enhance the information presented in the basic list. The
user can, for example, select a line of the basic list for which he wants to
see more detailed information. You display these details on a secondary
list. Secondary lists may either overlay the basic list completely or you
can display them in an extra window on the screen. The secondary lists
can themselves be interactive again.
How
to select valid lines for secondary list?
To
prevent the user from selecting invalid lines, ABAP/4 offers several
possibilities. At the end of the processing block END-OF-SELECTION,
delete the contents of one or more fields you previously stored for valid lines
using the HIDE statement. At the event AT LINE-SELECTION, check whether
the work area is initial or whether the HIDE statement stored field contents
there. After processing the secondary list, clear the work area
again. This prevents the user from trying to create further secondary
lists from the secondary list displayed.
How
to create user interfaces for lists?
The
R/3 system automatically, generates a graphical user interface (GUI) for your
lists that offers the basic functions for list processing, such as saving or
printing the list. If you want to include additional functionality, such
as pushbuttons, you must define your own interface status. To create a
new status, the Development Workbench offers the Menu Painter. With the
Menu Painter, you can create menus and application toolbars. And you can
assign Function Keys to certain functions. At the beginning of the
statement block of AT END-OF-SELECTION, active the status of the basic list
using the statement: SET PF-STATUS ‘STATUS’.
What
is interactive reporting?
A
classical non-interactive report consists of one program that creates a single
list. Instead of one extensive and detailed list, with interactive
reporting you create basic list from which the user can call detailed
information by positioning the cursor and entering commands. Interactive
reporting thus reduces information retrieval to the data actually
required.
Can
we call reports and transactions from interactive reporting lists?
Yes.
It also allows you to call transactions or other reports from lists.
These programs then use values displayed in the list as input values. The
user can, for example, call a transaction from within a list of change the
database table whose data is displayed in the list.
What
are system fields for secondary lists?
SY-LSIND
Index of the list created during the current event (basic list = 0)
SY-LISTI
Index of the list level from which the event was triggered.
SY-LILLI
Absolute number of the line from which the event was triggered.
SY-LISEL
Contents of the line from which the event was triggered.
SY-CUROW
Position of the line in the window from which the event was
triggered (counting starts with 1)
SY-CUCOL
Position of the column in the window from which the event was
triggered
(counting starts with 2).
SY-CPAGE
Page number of the first displayed page of the list from which the event was
triggered.
SY-STARO
Number of the first line of the first page displayed of the list from which the
event was triggered (counting starts with 1). Possibly, a page header
occupies this line.
SY-STACO
Number of the first column displayed in the list from which the event was
triggered (counting starts with 1).
SY-UCOMM
Function code that triggered the event.
SY-PFKEY
Status of the displayed list.
How
to maintain lists?
To
return from a high list level to the next-lower level (SY-LSIND), the user
chooses Back on a secondary list. The system then releases the currently
displayed list and activates the list created one step earlier. The
system deletes the contents of the released list. To explicitly specify
the list level, into which you want to place output, set the SY-lsind field.
The system accepts only index values, which correspond to existing list
levels. It then deletes all existing list levels whose index is greater
or equal to the index specify. For example, if you set SY-LSIND to 0, the
system deletes all secondary lists and overwrites the basic list with the
current secondary list.
What
are the page headers for secondary lists?
On
secondary lists, the system does not display a standard page header and it does
not trigger the event. TOP-OF-PAGE. To create page headers for secondary
list, you must enhance TOP-OF-PAGE: Syntax TOP-OF-PAGE DURING
LINE-SELECTION. The system triggers this event for each secondary
list. If you want to create different page headers for different list
levels, you must program the processing block of this event accordingly, for
example by using system fields such as SY-LSIND or SY-PFKEY in control
statements (IF, CASE).
How
to use messages in lists?
ABAP/4
allows you to react to incorrect or doubtful user input by displaying messages
that influence the program flow depending on how serious the error was.
Handling messages is mainly a topic of dialog programming. You store and
maintain messages in Table T100. Messages are sorted by language, by a
two-character ID, and by a three-digit number. You can assign different
message types to each message you output. The influence of a message on
the program flow depends on the message type. In our program, use the
MESSAGE statement to output messages statically or dynamically and to determine
the message type.
Syntax:REPORT
<rep> MESSAGE-ID <id>.
What
are the types of messages?
A
message can have five different types. These message types have the
following effects during list processing:
.A
(=Abend):
.E
(=Error) or W (=Warning):
.I
(=Information):
.S
(=Success):
What
are the user interfaces of interactive lists?
If
you want the user to communicate with the system during list display, the list
must be interactive. You can define specific interactive possibilities in
the status of the list’s user interface (GUI). To define the statuses of
interfaces in the R/3 system, use the Menu Painter tool. In the Menu
Painter, assign function codes to certain interactive functions. After an
user action occurs on the completed interface, the ABAP/4 processor checks the
function code and, if valid, triggers the corresponding event.
What
are the drill-down features provided by ABAP/4 in interactive lists?
ABAP/4
provides some interactive events on lists such as AT LINE-SELECTION (double
click) or AT USER-COMMAND (pressing a button). You can use these events to move
through layers of information about individual items in a list.
What
is meant by stacked list?
A
stacked list is nothing but secondary list and is displayed on a full-size
screen unless you have specified its coordinates using the window
command.
Is
the basic list deleted when the new list is created?
No.
It is not deleted and you can return back to it using one of the standard
navigation functions like clicking on the back button or the cancel
button.
What
is meant by hotspots?
A
Hotspot is a list area where the mouse pointer appears as an upright hand
symbol. When a user points to that area (and the hand cursor is active), a
single click does the same thing as a double-click. Hotspots are
supported from R/3 release 3.0c.
What
is the length of function code at user-command?
Each
menu function, push button, or function key has an associated function code of
length FOUR (for example, FREE), which is available in the system field SYUCOMM
after the user action.
Can
we create a gui status in a program from the object browser?
Yes.
You can create a GUI STATUS in a program using SET PF-STATUS.
In
which system field does the name of current gui status is there?
The
name of the current GUI STATUS is available in the system field SY-PFKEY.
Can
we display a list in a pop-up screen other than full-size stacked list?
Yes,
we can display a list in a pop-up screen using the command WINDOW with the
additions starting at X1 Y1 and ending at X2 Y2 to set the upper-left and the
lower-right corners where x1 y1 and x2 y2 are the coordinates.
What
is meant by hide area?
The
hide command temporarily stores the contents of the field at the current line
in a system-controlled memory called the HIDE AREA. At an interactive
event, the contents of the field are restored from the HIDE AREA.
When
the get cursor command used in interactive lists?
If
the hidden information is not sufficient to uniquely identify the selected
line, the command GET CURSOR is used. The GET CURSOR command returns the
name of the field at the cursor position in a field specified after the
addition field, and the value of the selected field in a field specified after
value.
How
can you display frames (horizontal and vertical lines) in lists?
You
can display tabular lists with horizontal and vertical lines (FRAMES) using the
ULINE command and the system field SY-VLINE. The corners arising at the
intersection of horizontal and vertical lines are automatically drawn by the
system.
What
are the events used for page headers and footers?
The
events TOP-OF-PAGE and END-OF-PAGE are used for pager headers and
footers.
How
can you access the function code from menu painter?
From
within the program, you can use the SY-UCOMM system field to access the
function code. You can define individual interfaces for your report and
assign them in the report to any list level. If you do not specify
self-defined interfaces in the report but use at least one of the three
interactive event keywords. AT LINE-SELECTION, AT PF<nn>, OR AT
USER-COMMAND in the program, the system automatically uses appropriate
predefined standard interfaces. These standard interfaces provide the
same functions as the standard list described under the standard list.
How
the at-user command serves mainly in lists?
The
AT USER-COMMAND event serves mainly to handle own function codes. In this
case, you should create an individual interface with the Menu Painter and
define such function codes.
How
to pass data from list to report?
ABAP/4
provides three ways of passing data:
---Passing
data automatically using system fields
---Using
statements in the program to fetch data
---Passing
list attributes
How
can you manipulate the presentation and attributes of interactive lists?
---Scrolling
through Interactive Lists.
---Setting
the Cursor from within the Program.
---Modifying
List Lines.
How
to call other programs?
Report
Transaction
Call
and return SUBMIT AND
RETURN
CALL TRANSACTION
Call
without return
SUBMIT
LEAVE TO TRANSACTION
You
can use these statements in any ABAP/4 program.
What
will exactly the hide statement do?
For
displaying the details on secondary lists requires that you have previously
stored the contents of the selected line from within the program. To do
this, ABAP/4 provides the HIDE statement. This statement stores the
current field contents for the current list line. When calling a
secondary list from a list line for which the HIDE fields are stored, the
system fills the stored values back into the variables in the program. In
the program code, insert the HIDE statement directly after the WRITE statement
for the current line. Interactive lists provide the user with the so-called
‘INTERACTIVE REPORTING’ facility. For background processing the only
possible method of picking the relevant data is through ‘NON INTERACTIVE
REPORT’ . After starting a background job, there is no way of influencing
the program. But whereas for dialog sessions there are no such
restrictions.
How
many lists can a program can produce?
Each
program can produce up to 21 lists: one basic list and 20 secondary
lists. If the user creates a list on the next level (that is, SY-LSIND
increases), the system stores the previous list and displays the new one.
Only one list is active, and that is always the most recently created list.
FALSE.
What
is a transaction?
-
A transaction is dialog program that change data objects in a consistant
way.
What
are the requirements a dialog program must fulfill?
A
dialog program must fulfil the following requirements
-
A user friendly user interface.
-
Format and consistancey checks for the data entered by the user.
-
Easy correction of input errors.
-
Access to data by storing it in the data bases.
3. What are the basic components of dialog program?
-
Screens (Dynpros)
-
Each dialog in an SAP system is controlled by dynpros.A dynpros consists of a
screen
And
its flow logic and controls exactly one dialog step.
-
ABAP/4 module Pool.
Each dynpro refers to exactly one ABAP/4 dialog program .Such a dialog program
is also called a module pool ,since it
consists of interactive modules.
4.What
is PBO and PAI events?
PBO-
Process Before Output-It determines the flow logic before displaying the
screen.
PAI-Process
After Input-It determines the flowlogic after the display of the screen and
after receiving inputs from the User.
5.
What is dynpro?What are its components ?
-
A dynpro (Dynamic Program) consists of a screen and its flow logic and controls
exactly one dialog steps.
-
The different components of the dynpro are :
Flow
Logic: calls of the ABAP/4 modules for a screen .
Screen
layout: Positions of the text, fields, pushbuttons and so on for a screen
Screen
Attributes: Number of the screen, number of the subsequent screen, and others
Fields
attributes: Definition of the attributes of the individual fields on a
screen.
6.
What is a ABAP/4 module pool?
-Each
dynpro refers to exactly one ABAP/4 dialog program.Such a dialog program is
also called
a
module pool ,since it consists on interactive modules.
7..Can
we use WRITE statements in screen fields?if not how is data transferred from
field data to screen fields?
-We
cannot write field data to the screen using the WRITE statement.The system
instead transfers data by comparing screen fields names with ABAP/4
variable names.If both names are the same,it
transfers
screen fields values to ABAP/4 programs fields and Vice Versa.This happens
immediately after displaying the screen.
8.Can
we use flow logic control key words in ABAP/4 and vice-versa?
-
The flow control of a dynpro consists os a few statements that syntactically
ressemble ABAP/4 statements .However ,we cannot use flow control keywords
in ABAP/4 and vice-versa.
9.What
is GUI status? How to create /Edit GUI status?
-A
GUI status is a subset of the interface elements used for a certain screen.The
status comprises
those
elements that are currently needed by the transaction .The GUI status for a
transaction may be composed of the following elements:
-Title
bar.
-Mneu
bar.
-Application
tool bar
-Push
buttons.
To
create and edit GUI status and GUI title,we use the Menu Painter.
10.
How does the interection between the Dynpro and the ABAP/4 Modules takes
place?
-A
transaction is a collection os screens and ABAP/4 routines, controlled and
executed by a Dialog processor. The Dialog processor processes screen after the
screen, thereby triggering the appropriate
ABAP/4
processing of each screen .For each screen,the system executes the flow logic
that contains the corresponding ABAP/4 processing.The controls passes from
screen flow logic to ABAP/4 code and back.
11.
How does the Dialog handle user requests?
-
when an action is performed ,the system triggers the PROCESS AFTER INPUT
event.The data passed includes field screen data data entered by the user and a
function code. A functioncode is a technical name that has been allocated
in a screen Painter or Menu Painter to a meny entry,a push button,the ENTER key
or a function Key of a screen.An internal work field(ok-code)in the PAI module
evaluates the function code,and the appropriate action is taken.
What
is to be defined for a push button fields in the screen attributes?
-
A function code has to be defined in the screen attributes for the push buttons
in a screen.
How
are the function code handles in Flow Logic?
- When the User selects a function in a transaction ,the system copies the
function code into
a
specially designated work field called OK_CODE.This field is Global
in ABAP/4 Module Pool.The OK_CODE can then be evaluated in the corresponding
PAI module. The function code is always passed in Exactly the same way ,
regardless of Whether it comes from a screen’s pushbutton,a menu option
,function key or other GUI element.
14.What
controls the screen flow?
-
The SET SCREEN and LEAVE SCREEN statements controls screen flow.
The
Function code currently active is ascertained by what Variable?
-
The function code currently active in a Program can be ascertained from
the SY-UCOMM Variable.
The
function code currently active is ascertained by what variable ?
-
By SY-UCOMM Variable.
What
are the “field” and “chain” Statements?
-
The FIELD and CHAIN flow logic statements let you Program Your own checks.FIELD
and CHAIN tell the system Which fields you are checking and Whether the System
should Perform Checks in the flow logic or call an ABAP/4 Module.
What
is an “on input filed” statements?
-
ON INPUT
The
ABAP/4 module is called only if a field contains the Value other than the
initial Value.This initial Value is determined by the filed’s Dta Type: blanks
for character Fields
,Zeroes
for numerics. If the user changes the Fields Value back t o its initial
value,ON INPUT does not trigger a call.
What
is an “on request Field” statement?
-
ON REQUEST
The ABAP/4 Module is called only if the user has entered the value in the field
value since the last screen display .The Value counts as changed Even if the
User simply types in the value that was already there .In general ,the ON
REQUEST condition is triggered through any
Form
of” MANUAL INPUT’.
What
is an on”*-input filed” statement?
ON
*-INPUT
-
The ABAP/4 module is called if the user has entered the “*” in the first
character of the field, and the field has the attribute *-entry in the
screen Painter.You can use this option in Exceptional cases where you want to
check only fields with certain Kinds of Input.
What
are conditional chain statement?
ON
CHAIN-INPUT similar to ON INPUT.
The
ABAP/4 module is called if any one of the fields in the chain contains a value
other than its initial value(blank or nulls).
ON
CHAIN-REQUEST
This
condition functions just like ON REQUEST, but the ABAP/4 module is called if
any one of the fields in the chain changes value.
What
is “at exit-command:?
The
flowlogic Keyword at EXIT-COMMAND is a special addition to the MODULE statement
in the Flow Logic .AT EXIT-COMMAND lets you call a module before the system
executes the automatic fields checks.
Which
Function type has to be used for using “at exit-command” ?
-
To Use AT EXIT – COMMAND ,We must assign a function Type “E” to the relevant
function in the MENU Painter OR Screen Painter .
What
are the different message types available in the ABAP/4 ?
-
There are 5 types of message types available.
-
E: ERROR
-
W-WARNING
-
I –INFORMATION
-
A-ABNORMAL TERMINATION.
-
S-SUCCESS
Of
the two “ next screen “ attributes the attributes that has more priority is
-------------------.
Dynamic.
Navigation
to a subsequent screen can be specified statically/dynamically. (TRUE/FALSE).
TRUE.
Dynamic
screen sequence for a screen can be set using ------------- and
----------------- commands
Set Screen, Call screen.
27.
The commands through Which an ABAP/4 Module can “branch to “ or “call” the next
screen are
1.------------,2--------------,3---------------,4------------.
-
Set screen<scr no>,Call screen<scr no> ,Leave screen, Leave to
screen <scr no>.
28. What is difference between SET SCREEN and CALL SCREEN ?
-
With SET SCREEN the current screen simply specifies the next screen in the
chain , control branches to this next screen as sonn as th e current
screen has been processed .Return from next screen to current screen is not
automatic .It does not interrupt processing of the current screen.If we
want to branch to the next screen without finishing the
current one ,use LEAVE SCREEN.
-
With CALL SCREEN , the current (calling) chain is suspended , and a next screen
(screen chain) is called .The called can then return to the suspended chain
with the statement LEAVE SCREEN TO SCREEN 0 .Sometime we might want to
let an user call a pop up screen from the main application screen to let him
enter secondary information.After they have completed their enteries, the users
should be able to close the popup and return directly to the place where they
left off in the main screen.Here comes CALL SCREEN into picture .This statement
lets us insert such a sequence intp the current one.
29. Can
we specify the next screen number with a variable (*Yes/No)?
-
Yes
30.
The field SY-DYNR refers to--------------
Number
of the current screen.
31.
What is dialog Module?
-
A dialog Module is a callable sequence of screens that does not belong to a
particular transaction.Dialog modules have their module pools , and can be
called by any transaction.
32.
The Syntex used to call a screen as dialog box (pop up)is---------
CALL
SCREEN <screen number.>
STARTING
AT <start column><start line>
ENDING
AT <end column> <end line>
33.
What is “call mode”?
-
In the ABAP/4 WORLD each stackable sequence of screens is a “call mode”,
This is IMP because of the way u return from the given sequence .To
terminate a call mode and return to a suspended chain set the “next screen” to
0 and leave to it:
LEAVE TO SCREEN 0 or (SET SCREEN 0 and LEAVE SCREEN) .When u return
to the suspended chain execution resumes with the
statement directly following the original CALL SCREEN statement.The
original sequence of screens in a transaction (that is , without having stacked
any additional call modes),you returned from the transaction altogether.
34.
The max number of calling modes stacked at one time is?
-
NINE
35.
What is LUW or Data base Transaction ?
-
A “LUW”(logical unit of work) is the span of time during which any database
updates must be performed in an “all or nothing” manner .Either they are all
performed (committed),or they are all thrown away (rolled back).In the
ABAP/4 world , LUWs and
-
Transactions can have several meanings:
LUW
(or “database LUW” or “database transaction”)
This
is the set of updates terminated by a database commit. A LUW lasts, at most,
from one screen change to the next (because the SAP system triggers database
commits automatically at every screen change).
36.
What is SAP LUW or Update Transaction?
Update
transaction (or “SAP LUW”)
This
is a set of updates terminated by an ABAP/4 commit. A SAP LUW may last
much longer than a database LUW, since most update processing extends over
multiple transaction screens. The programmer terminates an update
transaction by issuing a COMMIT WORK statement.
37.
What happens if only one of the commands SET SCREEN and LEAVE SCREEN is used
without using the other?
If
we use SET SCREEN without LEAVE SCREEN, the program finishes processing for the
current screen before branching to <scr no>. If we use LEAVE SCREEN
without a SET SCREEN before it, the current screen process will be terminated
and branch directly to the screen specified as the default next-screen in the
screen attributes.
38.
What is the significance of the screen number ‘0’?
In
“calling mode”, the special screen number 0 (LEAVE TO SCREEN 0) causes the
system to jump back to the previous call level. That is, if you have
called a screen sequence with CALL SCREEN leaving to screen 0 terminates the
sequence and returns to the calling screen. If you have not called a
screen sequence, LEAVE TO SCREEN 0 terminates the transaction.
39.
What does the ‘SUPPRESS DIALOG’ do?
Suppressing
of entire screens is possible with this command. This command allows us
to perform screen processing “in the background”. Suppresing screens is
useful when we are branching to list-mode from a transaction dialog step.
40.
What is the significance of the memory table ‘SCREEN’?
At
runtime, attributes for each screen field are stored in the memory table called
‘SCREEN’. We need not declare this table in our program. The system
maintains the table for us internally and updates it with every screen change.
41.
What are the fields in the memory table ‘SCREEN’?
Name
Length
Description
NAME
30
Name of the screen field
GROUP1
3
Field belongs to field group 1
GROUP2
3
Field belongs to field group 2
GROUP3
3
Field belongs to field group 3
GROUP4
3
Field belongs to field group4
ACTIVE
1
Field is visible and ready for input.
REQUIRED
1
Field input is mandatory.
INPUT
1
Field is ready for input.
OUTPUT
1
Field is display only.
INTENSIFIED
1
Field is highlighted
INVISIBLE
1
Field is suppressed.
LENGTH
1
Field output length is reduced.
DISPLAY_3D
1
Field is displayed with 3D frames.
VALUE_HELP
1
Field is displayed with value help.
42.
Why grouping of fields is required? What is the max no of modification groups
for each field?
If
the same attribute need to be changed for several fields at the same time these
fields can be grouped together. We can specify up to four modification
groups for each field.
43.
What are the attributes of a field that can be activated or deactivated during
runtime?
Input,
Output, Mandatory, Active, Highlighted, Invisible.
44.
What is a screen group? How it is useful?
Screen
group is a field in the Screen Attributes of a screen. Here we can define
a string of up to four characters which is available at the screen runtime in
the SY-DNGR field. Rather than maintaining field selection separately for
each screen of a program, we can combine logically associated screens together
in a screen group.
45.
What is a Subscreen? How can we use a Subscreen?
A
subscreen is an independent screen that is displayed in a n area of another
(“main”) screen. To use a subscreen we must call it in the flow logic
(both PBO and PAI) of the main screen. The CALL SUBSCREEN stratement
tells the system to execute the PBO and PAI events for the subscreen as part of
the PBO or PAI events of the main screen. The flow logic of your main
program should look as follows:
PROCESS
BEFORE OUTPUT.
CALL
SUBSCREEN <area> INCLUDING ‘<program>’ ’<screen>’.
PROCESS
AFTER INPUT.
CALL
SUBSCREEN <area>.
Area
is the name of the subscreen area you defined in your main screen. This
name can have up to ten characters. Program is the name of the program to
which the subscreen belongs and screen is the subscreen’s number.
46.
What are the restrictions on Subscreens?
Subscreens
have several restrictions. They cannot:
·
Set their own GUI status
·
Have a named OK code
·
Call another screen
·
Contain an AT EXIT-COMMAND module
·
Support positioning of the cursor.
47.
How can we use / display table in a screen?
ABAP/4
offers two mechanisms for displaying and using table data in a screen.
These mechanisms are TABLE CONTROLS and STEP LOOPS.
48.
What are the differences between TABLE CONTROLS and STEP LOOPS?
TABLE
CONTROLS are simply enhanced STEP LOOPS that display with the look and feel of
a table widget in a desktop application. But from a programming
standpoint, TABLE CONTROLS and STEP LOOPS are almost exactly the same.
One major difference between STEP LOOPS and TABLE CONTROLS is in STEP LOOPS
their table rows can span more than one time on the screen. By contrast
the rows in a TABLE CONTROLS are always single lines, but can be very
long. (Table control rows are scrollable). The structure of table
control is different from step loops. A step loop, as a screen object, is
simply a series of field rows that appear as a repeating block. A table
control, as a screen object consists of: I) table fields (displayed in the
screen ) ii) a control structure that governs the table display and what the
user can do with it.
49.
What are the dynapro keywords?
FIELD,
MODULE, SELECT, VALUES and CHAIN are the dynapro keywords.
50.
Why do we need to code a LOOP statement in both the PBO and PAI events for each
table in the screen?
We
need to code a LOOP statement in both PBO and PAI events for each table in the
screen. This is because the LOOP statement causes the screen fields to be
copied back and forth between the ABAP/4 program and the screen field.
For this reason, at least an empty LOOP….ENDLOOP must be there.
51.
The field SY-STEPL refers to the index of the screen table row that is
currently being processed. The system variable SY-stepl only has a
meaning within the confines of LOOP….ENDLOOP processing. Outside the
loop, it has no valid value.
52.
How can we declare a table control in the ABAP/4 program?
Using
the syntax controls <table control name> type tableview using screen
<scr no>.
53.
Differentiate between static and dynamic step loops.
Step
loops fall into two classes: Static and Dynamic. Static step loops have a
fixed size that cannot be changed at runtime. Dynamic step loops are
variable in size. If the user re-sizes the window the system
automatically increases or decreases the number of step loop blocks
displayed. In any given screen you can define any number of static step
loops but only a single dynamic one.
54.
What are the two ways of producing a list within a transaction?
By
submitting a separate report.
By
using leave to list-processing.
55.
What is the use of the statement Leave to List-processing?
Leave
to List-processing statement is used to produce a list from a module
pool. Leave to list processing statement allows to switch from
dialog-mode to list-mode within a dialog program.
56.
When will the current screen processing terminates?
A
current screen processing terminates when control reaches either a Leave-screen
or the end of PAI.
57.
How is the command Suppress-Dialog useful?
Suppressing
entire screens is possible using this command. This command allows us to
perform screen processing “in the background”. The system carries out all
PBO and PAI logic, but does not display the screen to the user.
Suppressing screens is useful when we are branching to list-mode from a
transaction dialog step.
58.
What happens if we use Leave to list-processing without using Suppress-Dialog?
If
we don’t use Suppress-Dialog to next screen will be displayed but as empty,
when the user presses ENTER, the standard list output is displayed.
59.
How the transaction that are programmed by the user can be protected?
By
implementing an authority check.
60.
What are the modes in which any update tasks work?
Synchronous
and Asynchronous.
61.
What is the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous updates?
A
program asks the system to perform a certain task, and then either waits or
doesn’t wait for the task to finish. In synchronous processing, the
program waits: control returns to the program only when the task has been
completed. In asynchronous processing, the program does not wait: the
system returns control after merely logging the request for execution.
62.
SAP system configuration incluedes Dialog tasks and Update tasks.
63.
Dialog-task updates are Synchronous updates.
64.
Update –task updates are Asynchronous updates.
65.
What is the difference between Commit-work and Rollback-Work tasks?
Commit-Work
statement “performs” many functions relevant to synchronized execution of
tasks. Rollback-work statement “cancels: all reuests relevant to
synchronized execution of tasks.
66.
What are the different database integrities?
·
Semantic Integrity.
·
Relational Integrity.
·
Primary Key Integrity.
·
Value Set Integrity.
·
Foreign Key integrity and
·
Operational integrity.
67.
All SAP Databases are Relational Databases.
68.
What is SAP locking?
It
is a mechanism for defining and applying logical locks to database objects.
69.
What does a lock object involve?
The
tables.
The
lock argument.
70.
What are the different kinds of lock modes?
Shared
lock
Exclusive
lock.
Extended
exclusive list.
71.
How can a lock object be called in the transaction?
By
calling Enqueue<lock object> and Dequeue<lock object> in the
transaction.
72.
What are the events by which we can program “help texts” and display “possible value
lists”?
-PROCESS
ON HELP-REQUEST (POH).
-PROCESS
ON VALUE-REQUEST (POV).
73.
What is a matchcode?
A
matchcode is an aid to finding records stored in the system whenever an object
key is required in an input field but the user only knows other (non-key)
information about the object.
74.
In what ways we can get the context sensitive F1 help on a field?
-
Data element documentation.
-
Data element additional text in screen painter.
-
Using the process on help request event.
75.
What is roll area?
A
roll area contains the program’s runtime context. In addition to the
runtime stack and other structures, all local variables and any data known to
the program are stored here.
76.
How does the system handle roll areas for external program components?
-
Transactions run in their own roll areas.
-
Reports run in their own roll areas.
-
Dialog modules run in their own roll areas
-
Function modules run in the roll area of their callers.
77.
Does the external program run in the same SAP LUW as the caller, or in a
separate one?
-
Transactions run with a separate SAP LUW
-
Reports run with a separate SAP LUW.
-
Dialog modules run in the same SAP LUW as the caller
-
Function modules run in the same SAP LUW as the caller.
The
only exceptions to the above rules are function modules called with IN UPDATE
TASK (V2 function only) or IN BACKGROUND TASK (ALE applications). These
always run in their own (separate) update transactions.
78.
What are function modules?
Function
modules are general-purpose library routines that are available system-wide.
79.
What are the types of parameters in the function modules?
In
general, function module can have four types of parameters:
-
EXPORTING: for passing data to the called function.
-
IMPORTING: for receiving data returned from the function module.
-
TABLES: for passing internal tables only, by reference (that is, by address).
-
CHANGING: for passing parameters to and from the function.
80.
What is the difference between Leave Transaction and Call Transaction?
In
contrast to LEAVE TO TRANSACTION, the CALL TRANSACTION statement causes
the system to start a new SAP LUW. This second SAP LUW runs parallel to
the SAP LUW for the calling transaction.
81.
How can we pass selection and parameter data to a report?
There
are three options for passing selection and parameter data to the report.
-
Using SUBMIT…WITH
-
Using a report variant.
-
Using a range table.
82.
How to send a report to the printer instead of displaying it on the screen?
We
can send a report to the printer instead of diplaying it on the screen.
To do this, use the keywords TO SAP-SPOOL:
SUBMIT
RSFLFIND…TO SAP-SPOOL DESTINATION ‘LT50’.
83.
How can we send data to external programs?
Using
SPA/GPA parameters(SAP memory).
Using
EXPORT/IMPORT data (ABAP/4 memory)
84.
What are SPA/GPA parameters (SAP memory)
SPA/GPA
parameters are field values saved globally in memory. There are two ways
to use SPA/GPA parmeters:
By
setting field attributes in the Screen Painter.
By
using the SET PARAMETER or GET PARAMETER statements
1. The source code for a report is stored in
database table dd010s.
2. The customer name range is two to eight
characters long and the program name must start
with
the letter y or z.
3. You can convert SAP script to Smartforms
using SF_MIGRATE
standard report. Just give your SAP Script name, and then this Report
automatically converts your SAP Script to Smartforms.
4. How can I get ASCII value of any
letter? Is there any function?
This is how you can do it:
report demtest.
data : c.
field-symbols : <n> type x.
data : rn type i.
c = 'A'.
assign c to <n> casting.
move <n> to rn.
write rn.
This will convert 'A' to 65.
This is how you can do it:
report demtest.
data : c.
field-symbols : <n> type x.
data : rn type i.
c = 'A'.
assign c to <n> casting.
move <n> to rn.
write rn.
This will convert 'A' to 65.
*going from 66 to B
data : i type i value 66.
data : x type x.
field-symbols : <fc> type c.
move i to x.
assign x to <fc> casting type c.
move <fc> to c.
write c.
data : i type i value 66.
data : x type x.
field-symbols : <fc> type c.
move i to x.
assign x to <fc> casting type c.
move <fc> to c.
write c.
5.What are the 3 types of function modules in
SAP?
(i) Remote enabled
(ii) Normal
(iii) Updated
(ii) Normal
(iii) Updated
6. How many secondary indexes can we create in a
table?
We can
create 15 secondary indexes for a table.
7. Is main window mandatory in smartforms?
Nothing is mandatory for smartforms
8. Which one is better joins or views and why?
Innerjoin,
because it gives one to one relation with db tables and u can get exact results
9. JAWS is a screen reader software, which reads out all the elements in the screen. This software is commonly used by blind people to work on the system. From the next release onwards, SAP is going to release a separate version for this purpose.
10. What is the typical structure of an ABAP
program?
Modular Structure
11. What are field symbols and field groups.? Have you used
"component idx of structure" clause with field groups?
Field-Symbol.
A field-symbol is a pointer you can dynamically assign to a field. After
assignment, you use the field-symbol anywhere in your program in place of the
actual field name. Use the field-symbol statements to define a field-symbol and
use assign to assign a field to it. The field-symbol name must begin and end
with angle brackets. A simple example.
Report ztest.
Data f1(3) value ‘ABC’.
Field-symbols <f>.
Assign f1 to <f>.
“<f> can now be used in place of f1.
Write :/ <f>. “write
the contents of f1
<f> = ‘XYZ’. “assigns
a new value to f1.
Write :/ f1.
Field group.
A field group combines several existing fields together under one name. You use the INSERT statement to determine which fields belong to a field group at runtime.
A field group combines several existing fields together under one name. You use the INSERT statement to determine which fields belong to a field group at runtime.
Example
FIELD-GROUPS: HEADER, ORDER, PRODUCT.
Note
Neither defining a field group (statically) using FIELD-GROUPS nor
filling a field group (dynamically) with INSERT generates more memory. Rather,
there exists for each field group element a pointer to an (existing) field.
You cannot define groups in methods.
You cannot define groups in methods.
12. What should be the approach for writing a BDC program?
1.
Analyzing data
from local file.
2.
Analyzing
transaction
3.
Declaring
internal table
-
First Internal
table similar to structure like local file
-
Declaring
internal table like BDCDATA
4.
Transferring data
from local file to internal table
5.
Population of
BDCDATA.
From Internal table the data is transferred to database table by two
ways. I.e. Session method or Call transaction.
13. What is a batch input session?
In this method you transfer
data from internal table to database table through sessions.
In this method an ABAP/4
program reads the external data that is to be entered in the SAP system and
stores the data in a session. A session stores the actions that are required to
enter your data using normal SAP transactions. I.e. Data is transferred to
session, which in turn transfer data to database table.
Session is intermediate step between internal table and database table.
Data along with its action is stored in session i.e. Data for screen fields to
which screen it is passed, the program name behind it, and how next screen is
processed.
When the program has finished generating the session, you can run the
session to execute the SAP transactions in it. You can either explicitly start
and monitor a session or have the session run in the background processing
system.
Unless session is processed, the data is not transferred to database
table.
14. What is the alternative to batch input session?
Call
Transaction Method
15. A situation: An ABAP program creates a batch input session. We need
to submit the program and the batch session in background. How to do it?
The transaction for background processing is SM36.
Defining background jobs.
It is two steps process
-
You first define
the job and then you have to release it.
A Job in background processing is a series of steps that can be
scheduled and step is a program for background processing. Step involves the
following
. Job Name
. Job Class
. Jon Steps
16. What is the difference between a pool table
and a transparent table and how they are stored at the database level?
A transparent table in dictionary has one-to-one relationship with a
table in the database. For each transparent table definition in the dictionary,
there is one associated table in the database. The database table has the same
names as the R/3 table definition.
A pooled table in the R/3 has a many-to-one relationship with a table in
the database. For one table in the database has a different name than the
tables in the DDIC, it has a different number of fields and the fields have
different names as well. Pooled tables are a SAP proprietary construct.
17. What are the problems in processing batch
input sessions? How is batch input process different from processing online?
If batch-input session is terminated with errors, it appears in the list
of INCORRECT session and it can be processed again. To correct session, first
you can analyze the session. The analysis function allows to determine which
screen and value produced error. If you find small errors in the data, you can
correct them interactively, otherwise you need to modify batch input program,
which are generated the session or many times even the data file.
While batch input is a two-step procedure, call transaction does both
steps online one right after the other. In this method, you call a transaction
from your program.
18. What do you define in the domain and data element?
Domain: Parameters to be passed
1. Data Type: where you need to
enter the data type available in SAP
2. Field Length: Field Length
in the number of valid position
3. Value Table: name of a table
to be entered, the fields referring to the
domain may only assume
values contained in the value table.
Data Element: Parameters to be
passed when creating a data element.
1. Short Text: Mandatory Fields
2. Domain: A mandatory field.
3. Text Element: You can enter
description in short or long text for the
field. This text is used
when entering data for these fields.
19. What are the different types of data dictionary objects?
1.
Tables
2.
Structures
3.
Views
4.
Data Element
5.
Domains
6.
Lock Objects
7.
Math code objects
20. How many types of tables exists and what are they in data
dictionary?
1.
Transparent
Tables
2.
Pooled Tables
3.
Cluster Tables
Transparent tables do exists with the same structure both in data
dictionary as well as in the database, exactly with same data and fields while
other two are not transparent in the sense that they are not manageable
directly using database system tools. You cannot use native SQL on these
tables. Pool or cluster tables are logical tables, which are arranged as
records of transparent tables.
21. What is the step-by-step process to create a table in data
dictionary?
Steps
to create a table
1.
Create Domain
2.
Create Data Element
3.
Create actual table
22. Can a transparent table exist in data
dictionary but not in the database physically?
No
23. What are the domains and data elements?
Domain: They are formal definition of data types from a technical point
of view. They set attributes such as data type, length possible value range and
so.
Data
Element: They are definitions of the properties and type for a table field. It
is an intermediate object between the object type domain and the table field. A
field in R/3 system is always associated with a data element, which at the same
time is related to domain.
24. Can you create a table with fields not referring to data elements?
Yes
25. What is the advantage of structures? How do
you use them in the ABAP programs?
You can use structures to define identical work area in multiple
programs. You can include a structure within another structures and tables.
Like a table, it can be used within a program on the tables’ statement
to define a work area.
26. What does an extract statement do in the ABAP program?
Writes all fields of the field group fg (FIELD-GROUPS) as an entry in a
sequential dataset. If you have defined a field group HEADER, its fields
precede each entry as a sort key. Afterwards, you can use SORT and LOOP… ENLOOP
to sort or process the dataset respectively. No further EXTRACT statements are
possible after this.
General:
1.
As soon as you
have extracted a dataset using EXTRACT, you can no longer extend the field
group-using INSERT. In particular, you cannot change the HEADER field group at
all after the first EXTRACT (regardless of the field group to which it
applied).
2.
Large extract
datasets are not stored in main memory. Instead, they are kept in an external
auxiliary file. You can set the directory in which this file is created using
the SAP profile parameter DIR_EXTRACT. The default directory is the SAP data
directory (SAP profile parameter DIR_DATA).
27. What is a collect statement? How is it different from append?
Collect searches in the internal table for an entry, all of whose
alphanumeric fields are identical with those of the entry in the work area or
header line. If such an entry is found, COLLECT adds all numeric fields from
work area or header line to the corresponding fields in the table entry.
Otherwise the collect statement appends the contents of the work area or header
line to the end of the table.
The APPEND statement stores the contents of the header line at the end
of the internal table.
28. What is open sql vs native sql?
Open SQL allow you to access database tables declared in the ABAP
dictionary regardless of the database platform that you R/3 system is using.
Native SQL allows you to use database specific SQL statements in an ABAP
program. This means that you can use database tables that are not administered
by the ABAP dictionary and therefore integrate data that is not part of the R/3
system.
As a rule, an ABAP program containing database-specific SQL statements
will not run under different database system. If your program will be used on
more than one database platform, only use Open SQL statements.
29. What does an EXEC SQL stmt do in ABAP? What is the disadvantage of
using it?
Executes the Native SQL statements enclosed between EXEC SQL and ENDEXEC
statements. Unlike Open SQL Native SQL statements can address tables that are
not declared in the ABAP Dictionary.
Example
Creating the Table AVERI_CLNT:
EXEC SQL.
CREATE TABLE AVERI_CLNT (
CLIENT CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
ARG1 CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
ARG2 CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
FUNCTION CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (CLIENT, ARG1, ARG2)
)
ENDEXEC.
CREATE TABLE AVERI_CLNT (
CLIENT CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
ARG1 CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
ARG2 CHAR(3) NOT NULL,
FUNCTION CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (CLIENT, ARG1, ARG2)
)
ENDEXEC.
In a Native SQL
statement, data is passed between the ABAP program and the database using host
variables. A host variable is an ABAP variable that is identified as such in
the Native SQL statement by a preceding colon (:).
Example
Displaying an extract from the table AVERI_CLNT:
DATA: F1(3), F2(3), F3(3).
F3 = ' 1 '.
EXEC SQL.
SELECT CLIENT, ARG1 INTO :F1, :F2 FROM AVERI_CLNT
WHERE ARG2 = :F3
ENDEXEC.
WRITE: / F1, F2.
F3 = ' 1 '.
EXEC SQL.
SELECT CLIENT, ARG1 INTO :F1, :F2 FROM AVERI_CLNT
WHERE ARG2 = :F3
ENDEXEC.
WRITE: / F1, F2.
To simplify the
form of the INTO lists in the SELECT statement, you can, as in Open SQL,
specify a single structure as the target area.
30. What is the meaning of ABAP editor integrated with ABAP data
dictionary?
Integration means if you double-click an object to select it, the Workbench
automatically launches the tool that was used to create the object.
SAP has developed the Object Navigator to help
you to organize your application development in this integrated environment. It
provides a context that makes it easier for you to trace the relationships
between objects in a program. Rather than working with tools and recalling
development objects, you work with objects and allow the Workbench to launch
the appropriate tool for an object.
31. What are the events in ABAP language?
An ABAP/4 using events that are invoked by the user actions. Processing
blocks are defined by event-keywords and are executed on invocation of certain
relevant events.
By default, the event start-of-selection is attached to all events in
ABAP/4. In your programs you can define a processing block and attach this
block to an event keyword.
32. What is an interactive report? What is the obvious difference of
such report compared with classical type reports?
A classical report connects of one program that creates a single list.
This means that when the list is displayed, it has to contain all data
requested, regardless of the number of details the user wants to see.
Interactive reporting allows the user to participate in retrieving and
presenting data at each level during the session. Instead of presenting one
extensive and detailed list with classified information. With interactive
reporting you can create a condensed basic list from which the user can call
detailed information by positioning the cursor and entering commands.
Detailed information is presented in secondary list. A secondary list
may either overlay the basic list completely or appear in an additional dialog
window on the same screen. The secondary list can itself be interactive again.
The basic list is not deleted when secondary list is created.
User can interact with system by
-
double clicking
or pressing f2
-
selecting menu
option
Like classical report the interactive report is also event driven. Both
the action mentioned above trigger events and code is written to handle these
events. The events triggered by this action are as follows
-
At line-selection
-
At user-command
Interactive report consists of one basic list and 20 secondary list.
Basic list is produced by START-OF_SLECTION event. When the user double clicks
on the basic list or chooses the menu option, the secondary list is produced.
All the vents associated with classical report except end-of-page are
applicable only to basic list.
33. What is a drill down report?
Interactive reports are called drill down
report.
34. How do you write a function module in SAP? Describe.
Function modules are procedures that are defined in function groups
(special ABAP programs with type F) and can be called from any ABAP program.
Function groups act as containers for function modules that logically belong
together. You create function groups and function modules in the ABAP Workbench
using the Function Builder.
Function modules
allow you to encapsulate and reuse global functions in the R/3 System. They are
stored in a central library. The R/3 System contains a wide range of predefined
function modules that you can call from any ABAP program. Function modules also
play an important role in database updates and in remote communication between
R/3 Systems or between an R/3 System and a non-SAP system.
Unlike
subroutines, you do not define function modules in the source code of your
program. Instead, you use the Function Builder. The actual ABAP interface
definition remains hidden from the programmer. You can define the input
parameters of a function module as optional. You can also assign default values
to them. Function modules also support exception handling. This allows you to
catch certain errors while the function module is running. You can test
function modules without having to include them in a program using the Function
Builder.
The Function
Builder also has a release process for function modules. This ensures that
incompatible changes cannot be made to any function modules that have already
been released. This applies particularly to the interface. Programs that use a
released function module will not cease to work if the function module is
changed.
Function modules
perform tasks of general interest to other programmers. Usually these tasks are
well-defined functions that all users need, regardless of application. Some
well-defined tasks include performing tax calculations, determining factory
calendar dates, and calling frequently used dialogs.
When you write ABAP routines that other
programmers might use, you should define these routines as function modules.
This means that you develop them in the Function Builder as follows:
1.
Check whether a
suitable function module already exists. If not, proceed to step 2.
2.
Create a function
group, if no appropriate group exists yet.
3.
Create the
function module.
4.
Define the
function module interface by entering its parameters and exceptions.
5.
Write the actual
ABAP code for the function module, adding any relevant global data to the TOP
include.
6.
Activate the
module.
7.
Test the module.
8.
Document the
module and its parameters for other users.
9.
Release the
module for general use.
Runtime
Considerations
There are some
runtime considerations you should be familiar with when writing function
modules:
●
The CALL FUNCTION
statement can pass import, export, and changing parameters either by value or
by reference. Table parameters are always transferred by reference.
●
If you declare
the parameters with reference to ABAP Dictionary fields or structures, the
system checks the type and length when the parameters are transferred. If the
parameters from the calling program do not pass this check, the calling program
terminates.
●
At runtime, all
function modules belonging to a function group are loaded with the calling
program. As a result, you should plan carefully which functions really belong
in a group and which do not. Otherwise, calling your function modules will
unnecessarily increase the amount of memory required by the user.
35. What are the exceptions in function module?
Our function module needs an exception that it
can trigger if there are no entries in table those meets the selection
criterion. For example the exception NOT_FOUND serves this function.
36. What is a function group?
Function groups are containers for function modules. You cannot execute
a function group. When you call a function module, the system loads the whole
of its function group into the internal session of the calling program (if it
has not already been loaded).
The name of a function group can be up to 26 characters long. This is
used by the system to create the components of the group (main program and
corresponding include programs). When you create a function group or function
module in the function builder, the main program and include programs are
generated automatically.
37. How are the date abd time field values stored in SAP?
1.
Date is stored in
SY-DATUM.
2.
Time is stored in
SY-UZEIT.
38. What are the fields in a BDC_Tab Table?
BDCTAB is like BDCDATA. The
fields are…
1.
Program: Name of
module pool program associated with the screen set this field only for the
first record for the screen.
2.
Dynpro: Number of
the screen. Length(4). Set this field only in the first record for the screen.
3.
Dynbegin:
Indicates the first record for the screen. Length(1). Set this period to ‘X’
only for the first record for the screen. (Reset to ‘ ‘ blank for all other
records).
4.
Fnam: Name of a
field in the screen. Length(35). The Fnam field is not case-sensitive.
5.
Fval: Value for
the field named in Fnam. Length(132). The fval field is case-sensitive. Values
assigned to this field are always padded on the right if they are less than 132
characters. Values must be in character format.
39. Name a few data dictionary objects?
1. Tables
2. Structures
3.
Views
4.
Data Element
5.
Domains
6.
Lock Objects
7.
Math code objects
40. What happens when a table is activated in DD?
When tables, types (data elements, structures,
table types) and views are activated, they are placed at the disposal of the
runtime environment in the form of runtime objects. These runtime objects
contain the information about the object in a form that is optimal for access
by ABAP programs and screens. The runtime objects are buffered so that ABAP
programs and screens can access the information relevant to them quickly.
41. What is a check table and what is a value table?
Check table specified in the foreign key for the field. A foreign key
links two tables T1 and T2 by assigning fields of table T1 to the primary key
fields of table T2.
The T1 is called foreign key table (dependent table) and table T2 the
check table (referenced table).
In some cases you can see when you define a domain that all the table
fields or structure components referring to this domain should be checked
against a certain table. This information can be stored in the domain by
entering a value table.
The system proposes the value table as check table when you try to
define a foreign key for the field or component. This proposal can be
overridden.
Example:
Domain S_CARR_ID (data type CHAR, length 3) in the flight Model
describes the three-place code of the airlines. All the airlines are listed
together with their codes in table SCARR. It is generally advisable to check
fields referring to domain S_CARR_ID against table SCARR. SCARR is therefore
entered as value table for domain S_CARR_ID. If you want to define a foreign
key for a field referring to S_CARR_ID, SCARR is proposed as the check table.
A check is not implemented by simply entering a value table! The check
against the value table only takes effect when a foreign key has been defined.
42. What are match codes? Describe?
A matchcode is a means of finding data records
stored in the system. The matchcode is defined in the ABAP Dictionary in two
steps:
●
You first define
the relevant tables and fields for the search in a matchcode object. A
matchcode object describes the set of all possible search paths for a search
string.
●
You then create
one or more matchcode IDs for a matchcode object. A matchcode ID describes a
special search path for a search string. The matchcode ID defines the fields or
field combinations to be used in the search.
A material number must be entered in a screen field. Since the user
cannot be expected to know this number, it must be possible to search for this
number using the attributes of the corresponding material.
Several search paths are possible for this search. For example, you can
search for the material number with the material name, the material class or
the material manufacturer.
The corresponding match code object then
comprises the fields for the material number, material name, material class and
manufacturer. One match code ID corresponds to each search path. For example,
ID A could describe the search for the material number by manufacturer. This ID
only contains the fields for the material number and manufacturer.
The tables relevant for the search are included in a match code object.
The table selection is based on one primary table. Further secondary tables can
also be included, which are linked with the primary table by foreign keys. The
fields of the match code object can then be selected from the base tables.
A match code object is not stored physically. It only describes a
complete logical view on one or more tables.
43. What transactions do you use for data analysis?
ST05
44. What is table maintenance generator?
SE55
The Generate
table maintenance dialog component creates standardized maintenance dialogs for
tables and views. These dialogs can also be used to maintain table or view
contents.
Integration
The component
provides a standardized maintenance interface for many customizing activities.
It is also useful as a customer table or view input tool.
Table or view
maintenance dialogs are created in the ABAP/4 Workbench under the menu path Development ® Other tools ® Gen.tab.maint.dialog. To maintain table or view
contents choose Services ® Ext. tab.maint. at any time.
Maintenance
dialogs and data which were created, changed or deleted with the maintenance
dialog can be transported into other R/3 Systems.
Functionality
The component
creates maintenance dialogs which are standardized in their:
●
functionality
●
interface
●
maintenance
screen
●
navigation
●
enhancement
options
●
maintenance
44. What are ranges? What are number ranges?
You can use the RANGES statement to create internal tables of the same
type as selection tables.
RANGES <rangetab> FOR <f>.
This statement is simply a shortened form of the
following statements:
DATA: BEGIN OF <rangetab> OCCURS 0,
SIGN(1),
OPTION(2)
LOW LIKE <f>,
HIGH LIKE <f>,
END OF <rangetab>.
SIGN(1),
OPTION(2)
LOW LIKE <f>,
HIGH LIKE <f>,
END OF <rangetab>.
Internal tables
created with RANGES have the same structure as selection tables, but they do
not have the same functionality.
Selection tables
created with RANGES are not components of the selection screen. As a result, no
relevant input fields are generated. Also, you cannot use a RANGES table as a
data interface in program <prog> called by the following statement:
SUBMIT <prog> WITH <rangetab> IN <table>.
SUBMIT <prog> WITH <rangetab> IN <table>.
However, you can
use RANGES to create the table <table> in the calling program. The main
function of RANGES tables is to pass data to the actual selection tables
without displaying the selection screen when executable programs are called.
Although you can
use RANGES tables like actual selection tables in the WHERE clause of Open SQL
statements and in combination with the IN operator in logical expressions, they
are not linked to a database table. This means that RANGES tables:
●
are not passed
like selection criteria to logical databases.
●
cannot be used
with the shortened form of selection tables in logical expressions.
●
cannot be used like selection criteria in GET
events
REPORT DEMO1.
RANGES S_CARRID FOR SPFLI-CARRID.
S_CARRID-SIGN = 'I'.
S_CARRID-OPTION = 'EQ'.
S_CARRID-LOW = 'LH'.
S_CARRID-OPTION = 'EQ'.
S_CARRID-LOW = 'LH'.
APPEND S_CARRID.
SUBMIT DEMO2 WITH CARRID IN S_CARRID.
In this example,
RANGES table S_CARRID is created with reference to column CARRID of database
table SPFLI. Fields S_CARRID-LOW and S_CARRID-HIGH have the same type as
CARRID. The header line of internal table S_CARRID is filled and appended to
the table. Program DEMO2 is called. If DEMO2 is linked to logical database F1S,
its selections screen contains the fields of selection criterion CARRID from
the logical database. These fields are filled with the contents of the RANGES
table.
Number Ranges
You can specify the number manually or it can be
determined by the system from a pre-defined area (number range).
Example:
The relevant area of the Accounting document
numbers in each company code per document type.
45. What are select options and what is the diff from parameters?
Select options you specify are displayed on the selection screen for the
user to enter values.
Incase of select option user can enter a range of values. But in
parameters user can enter only single value.
46. How do you validate the selection criteria
of a report? And how do you display initial values in a selection screen?
You can validate selection criteria of a report using at
selection-screen event. You can display the initial values using default option
of select-options.
47. What are selection texts?
Description of specified selection text (SELECT-OPTION, PARAMETER). This
description appears on the selection screen.
Texts on the selection screen are stored as language-specific
selection-texts in the program text elements.
48. What is CTS and what do you know about it?
A change request is a list in the system, where mainly contains the
object to be transported. It also contains the transport type, the request
category and the target system.
When the change request is created either manually or automatically the
system assigns a number to it automatically and this number is known as change
request number.
The change request records all modifications made to development object.
When the changes have been made and the change tasks have been released,
the change request can be released.
SE09 will display and check all the change request.
49. When a program is created and need to be
transported to production does selection texts always go with it? if not how do
you make sure? Can you change the CTS entries? How do you do it?
Whenever selection texts are changed or created it will ask for change
request, if a development class is assigned to the program. Using the change
request number you can transport the selection texts.
Yes. You can change the CTS entries using transaction se09.
50. What is the client concept in SAP? What is
the meaning of client Independent?
One of the most used client/server configurations with R/3 system is the
tired architecture, which separates a system’s computer into 3 functional
group.
Database server
Application Server
Presentation Server
Communication among the 3 tries is accomplished by standard protocol
servers like TCP/IP or CPIC (Common Programming Interface Communication).
Client Independence, which means that it is independent of all clients
across the SAP system.
Difference between a check table and a value table
Value Table
This is maintained at Domain Level. When ever
you create a domain , you can entered allowed values. For
example you go to Domain SHKZG - Debit/credit
indicator. Here only allowed values is H or S.
When ever you use this Domain, the system will
forces you to enter only these values.
This is a sort of master check . To be
maintained as a customization object. This mean that if you want to enter
values to this table you have to create a development request & transport
the same.
Check table
For example you have Employee master table &
Employee Transaction table.
When ever an employee Transacts we need to check
whether that employee exists , so we can refer to the employee master table.
This is nothing but a Parent & Child
relationship . Here data can be maintained at client level , no
development involved.
As per DBMS what we call foregin key table, is
called as check table in SAP.
What is use of using HASHED TABLE?
Hashed table is useful when your have to work
with very big internal table and to read it with
"READ TABLE WITH KEY ..."
"READ TABLE WITH KEY ..."
The time access is constant !
Definition of a Hashed Table:
"Defines the table as one that is managed with an internal hash procedure. You can imagine a hashed table as a set, whose elements you can address using their unique key. Unlike standard and sorted tables, you cannot access hash tables using an index. All entries in the table must have a unique key.
"Defines the table as one that is managed with an internal hash procedure. You can imagine a hashed table as a set, whose elements you can address using their unique key. Unlike standard and sorted tables, you cannot access hash tables using an index. All entries in the table must have a unique key.
Access time using the key is
constant, regardless of the number of table entries.
You can only access a hashed table using the
generic key operations or other generic operations (SORT, LOOP, and so on).
Explicit or implicit index operations (such as LOOP ... FROM to INSERT itab
within a LOOP) are not allowed."
As long as your records has unique key(s), using
hash table will give you a huge performance gain when dealing with large
dataset. assuming in your case, 10000 record , and if the key is unique, use
hash table. The main use of hash tables is for looking up fixed
information from a key. So if you have a report that has personnel number and
you want to display their name, you could use a hash table.
Thus:
Code:
Code:
types: begin of typ_pernr,
pernr like pa0001-pernr,
ename like pa0001-ename,
end of typ_pernr.
data: ls_pernr type typ_pernr,
lt_pernr type hashed table of typ_pernr with unique key pernr.
...
select pernr ename into table lt_pernr from pa0001.
...
loop at itab.
read table lt_pernr with table key pernr = itab-pernr
into ls_pernr.
write: ls_pernr-ename, itab-data.
endloop.
pernr like pa0001-pernr,
ename like pa0001-ename,
end of typ_pernr.
data: ls_pernr type typ_pernr,
lt_pernr type hashed table of typ_pernr with unique key pernr.
...
select pernr ename into table lt_pernr from pa0001.
...
loop at itab.
read table lt_pernr with table key pernr = itab-pernr
into ls_pernr.
write: ls_pernr-ename, itab-data.
endloop.
The Different Types of SAP Tables
Could anyone tell me what is the major
difference between Standard tables, Pooled tables and Clusterd Tables.
A transparent table is a table that stores data
directly. You can read these tables directly on the database from outside SAP
with for instance an SQL statement.
Transparent table is a one to one relation table
i.e. when you create one transparent table then exactly same table will create
in data base and if is basically used to store transaction data.
A clustered and a pooled table cannot be read
from outside SAP because certain data are clustered and pooled in one
field.
One of the possible reasons is for instance that
their content can be variable in length and build up. Database manipulations in
Abap are limited as well.
But pool and cluster table is a many to one
relationship table. This means many pool table store in a database table which
is know as table pool.
All the pool table stored table in table pool
does not need to have any foreign key relationship but in the case of cluster
table it is must. And pool and cluster table is basically use to store
application data.
Table pool can contain 10 to 1000 small pool
table which has 10 to 100 records. But cluster table can contain very big but few
(1 to 10) cluster table.
For pool and cluster table you can create
secondary index and you can use select distinct, group for pool and cluster
table. You can use native SQL statement for pool and cluster table.
A structure is a table without data. It is only
filled by program logic at the moment it is needed starting from tables.
A view is a way of looking at the contents of
tables. It only contains the combination of the tables at the basis and the way
the data needs to be represented. You actually call directly upon the
underlying tables.
Fields of Internal Tables
SY-TABIX Current line of an internal table.
SY-TABIX is set by the statements below, but only for index tables. The field
is either not set or is set to 0 for hashed tables.
APPEND sets SY-TABIX to the index of the last
line of the table, that is, it contains the overall number of entries in the
table.
COLLECT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the
existing or inserted line in the table. If the table has the type HASHED TABLE,
SY-TABIX is set to 0.
LOOP AT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the
current line at the beginning of each loop lass. At the end of the loop,
SY-TABIX is reset to the value that it had before entering the loop. It is set
to 0 if the table has the type HASHED TABLE.
READ TABLE sets SY-TABIX to the index of the
table line read. If you use a binary search, and the system does not find a
line, SY-TABIX contains the total number of lines, or one more than the total
number of lines. SY-INDEX is undefined if a linear search fails to return an
entry.
SEARCH <itab> FOR sets SY-TABIX to the
index of the table line in which the search string is found.
SY-TFILL :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TFILL contains the number of lines in the relevant internal table.
SY-TLENG :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TLENG contains the length of the lines in the relevant internal table.
SY-TOCCU :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TLENG :contains the initial amount of memory allocated to the relevant internal table.
SY-TFILL :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TFILL contains the number of lines in the relevant internal table.
SY-TLENG :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TLENG contains the length of the lines in the relevant internal table.
SY-TOCCU :After the statements DESCRIBE TABLE, LOOP AT, and READ TABLE, SY-TLENG :contains the initial amount of memory allocated to the relevant internal table.
Difference between extract and collect statements
What is the difference between 'extract' and
'collect' statements?
Once you have declared the possible record types
as field groups and defined their structure, you can fill the extract dataset
using the following statements:
EXTRACT <fg>.
When the first EXTRACT statement occurs in a
program, the system creates the extract dataset and adds the first extract
record to it. In each subsequent EXTRACT statement, the new extract record is
added to the dataset.
Each extract record contains exactly those
fields that are contained in the field group <fg>, plus the fields of the
field group HEADER (if one exists). The fields from HEADER occur as a sort key
at the beginning of the record. If you do not explicitly specify a field group
<fg>, the EXTRACT statement is a shortened form of the statement extracts
used in field groups (version 2.x - obsolete these days as noone uses field
groups anymore), and collect is used to accumulate the contents of a field if X
no. of keys are the same.
EXTRACT HEADER.
When you extract the data, the record is filled
with the current values of the corresponding fields. As soon as the
system has processed the first EXTRACT statement for a field group <fg>,
the structure of the corresponding extract record in the extract dataset is
fixed. You can no longer insert new fields into the field groups <fg> and
HEADER. If you try to modify one of the field groups afterwards and use it in
another EXTRACT statement, a runtime error occurs.
By processing EXTRACT statements several times
using different field groups, you fill the extract dataset with records of
different length and structure. Since you can modify field groups dynamically
up to their first usage in an EXTRACT statement, extract datasets provide the
advantage that you need not determine the structure at the beginning of the
program.
Collect:
When the line is inserted, the system checks
whether there is already a table entry that matches the key. If there is no
corresponding entry already in the table, the COLLECT statement has the same
effect as inserting the new line. If an entry with the same key already exists,
the COLLECT statement does not append a new line, but adds the contents of the
numeric fields in the work area to the contents of the numeric fields in the
existing entry.
You should only use the COLLECT statement if you
want to create summarized tables. If you use other statements to insert table
entries, you may end up with duplicate entries.
●
Logging on
without being authorized
Client 066 usually exists in a SAP system because of EarlyWatch services. Often this client does not have master users. If it is true, anyone can log into the system using the client 066, user SAP*, and password PASS. Enjoy yourself.
Client 066 usually exists in a SAP system because of EarlyWatch services. Often this client does not have master users. If it is true, anyone can log into the system using the client 066, user SAP*, and password PASS. Enjoy yourself.
●
Long messages on
footer
Click on the message and hold the mouse button. After moving the mouse to the left side.
Click on the message and hold the mouse button. After moving the mouse to the left side.
●
Direct input logs
The transaction BMV0 (direct input logs) shows all direct input logs.
The transaction BMV0 (direct input logs) shows all direct input logs.
●
Filling up an
empty date field quickly
Strike the key F4 (or click on matchcode symbol) and press ESCAPE. The current date is automaticly set.
Strike the key F4 (or click on matchcode symbol) and press ESCAPE. The current date is automaticly set.
●
Setting up module
FI/CO without using IMG
Almost all parameters can be set using the transactions ORFA (Asset Accounting), ORFB (Financial Accounting), and ORKS (Cost Center Accounting).
Almost all parameters can be set using the transactions ORFA (Asset Accounting), ORFB (Financial Accounting), and ORKS (Cost Center Accounting).
●
Deleting cost
elements and cost centers
Since they have no postings you can use the transaction KA04 for deleting cost elements and KS04 for deleting cost centers.
Since they have no postings you can use the transaction KA04 for deleting cost elements and KS04 for deleting cost centers.
●
Displaying check
object when not authorized
Soon after the lock try to access the transaction SU53. It reports the last objects verified and also the respective values.
Soon after the lock try to access the transaction SU53. It reports the last objects verified and also the respective values.
●
Table analyses
between two systems
The contents of a table between two systems can be checked through the transaction OY19.
The contents of a table between two systems can be checked through the transaction OY19.
●
Correction and
transport system
The transaction SE10 provides the easiest way to manage any request/transport and corrections.
The transaction SE10 provides the easiest way to manage any request/transport and corrections.
●
General command
field formats
/n
|
Skip to the next record if you are processing
one batch input session
|
/bend
|
Cancel a batch input foreground process
|
/nend
|
Close all R/3 sessions and logoff
|
/nxxxx
|
Call the transaction xxxx in the same
session
|
/o
|
Generate a session list
|
/oxxxx
|
Call the transaction xxxx in an additional
session
|
/i
|
Delete the current session
|
/h
|
Turn the debug mode on
|
/$tab
|
Reset all buffers (for System
Administrators)
|
/$sync
|
Synchronize instances buffers (for System
Administrators)
|
●
Report command
field formats
%pri
|
Print the current report
|
%pc
|
Download the current report
|
%sc
|
Call the find function
|
p+
|
Go to the next page
|
p-
|
Go to the previous page
|
p++
|
Go to the last page
|
p--
|
Go to the first page
|
●
Helpful reports
RSCLTCOP
|
Copy tables across clients
|
RSAVGL00
|
Table adjustment across clients
|
RSINCL00
|
Extended program list
|
RSBDCSUB
|
Release batch-input sessions automaticly
|
RSTXSCRP
|
Transport SAPscript files across systems
|
RSORAREL
|
Get the Oracle Release
|
RGUGBR00
|
Substitution/Validation utility
|
RSPARAM
|
Display all instance parameters
|
RSUSR003
|
Check the passwords of users SAP* and DDIC in
all clients
|
RSUSR006
|
List users last login
|
●
Meaning of info
structures' first letter
A
|
Pricing
|
B
|
Output determination
|
C
|
Account determination
|
D
|
Material determination
|
E
|
Rebates
|
F
|
Index
|
G
|
Listing and Exclusion
|
H
|
Batch determination
|
I
|
Profile determination
|
S
|
Statistics
|
X
|
Statistics extra
|
●
Unconditional
mode when importing or exporting a request/transport
Run the command R3trans -u under user «SysID»adm.
Run the command R3trans -u under user «SysID»adm.
●
Reapplying hot
packages
If you accidently applied hot packages out of sequence for instance. Use the transaction SM31 to modify table PAT03. You have to choose the desired patch and click on delete entry.
If you accidently applied hot packages out of sequence for instance. Use the transaction SM31 to modify table PAT03. You have to choose the desired patch and click on delete entry.
●
Main return codes
of tp program
0
|
Successfully done
|
4
|
Warnings occurred
|
8
|
Errors occurred
|
12
|
Fatal errors occurred
|
16
|
Internal errors occurred
|
●
Scheduling of
system maintenance jobs
RSBTCDEL
|
Clean the old background job records
|
RSDBCREO
|
Clean batch input session log
|
RSPO0041
|
Removing old spooling objects
|
RSSNAPDL
|
Clean the old ABAP error dumps
|
●
List of most used
SAP extensions and their components
CUST1
|
MENUS000+C01
|
Customer option in the Office menu
|
CUST2
|
MENUS000+C02
|
Customer option in the Logistics menu
|
CUST3
|
MENUS000+C03
|
Customer option in the Accounting menu
|
CUST4
|
MENUS000+C04
|
Customer option in the Human Resources
menu
|
CUST5
|
MENUS000+C05
|
Customer option in the Information Systems
menu
|
CUST6
|
MENUS000+C06
|
Customer option in the Tools menu
|
CUST7
|
MENUS000+C07
|
Customer option in the System menu
|
ZXUSRU01
|
Exit_saplsusf_001
|
At login time
|
SAPMF02D
|
Exit_sapmf02d_001
|
When saving customer master data
|
SAPMF02K
|
Exit_sapmf02k_001
|
When saving vendor master data
|
M61X0001
|
Exit_saplm61c_001
|
When processing MRP planning
|
M61X0001
|
Exit_sapmm61x_001
|
When processing MRP planning
|
FYTX0001
|
Exit_saplv61a_001
|
Modifications in pricing procedures
|
MBCF0002
|
Exit_sapmm07m_001
|
Checks for materials documents
|
SDVFX002
|
Exit_saplv60b_002
|
Link between SD and FI documents
|
M06B0003
|
Exit_sapmm06b_001
|
When saving MM documents
|
●
Before going live
It is highly advisable to increase the next extend´s size of some tables and their indexes even before initial loadings
It is highly advisable to increase the next extend´s size of some tables and their indexes even before initial loadings
FI
|
BKPF, BSEG, BSIS, BSAD, BSAK, BSID and
BSIK
|
CO
|
COEJ, COEP, COKS, COSS and T811*
|
AM
|
ANL*
|
MM
|
MKPF, MSEG and BSIM
|
SD
|
VBAP, VBAK, VBEP, VBPA, LIKP, LIPS, VBRK,
VBRP, VBKD, VBUK, VBUP and VBSS
|
PP
|
RESB and MDTB
|
Accross module
|
ATAB, TST03, TSP01, MCSI, KNVP, ACCTIT, COEP,
APQD, RFBLG, CDCLS, SDBAD and from S000 to S999
|
●
Locking the whole
system
Using the command tp locksys «SysID» only the user SAP* will be allowed to login. The command tp unlocksys «SysID» cancels the lock.
Using the command tp locksys «SysID» only the user SAP* will be allowed to login. The command tp unlocksys «SysID» cancels the lock.
●
Connection
between SAP R/3 and operating system
The command sapevt can be used to trigger an event from the operation system. Thus, a job previously defined within R/3 will be released.
The command sapevt can be used to trigger an event from the operation system. Thus, a job previously defined within R/3 will be released.
●
SQL code help
Run the command oerr ora «error number» under user ora«SysID».
Run the command oerr ora «error number» under user ora«SysID».
●
Oracle import and
export explanations
Run the command imp help=yes under user ora«SysID». This format can also be used with exp, impst, and expst.
Run the command imp help=yes under user ora«SysID». This format can also be used with exp, impst, and expst.
Note:
|
Research based on version 3.0f under Unix,
Oracle data base and Windows.
|
Some special features allow you wide
modifications without changing standard SAP R/3 objects. Those techniques are not as widespread as they should be. In
fact they are powerful tools.
●
Field exit
After entering a value in a field, it can be checked through a field exit. The system makes the field value available to be checked and changed in an ABAP/4 function.
After entering a value in a field, it can be checked through a field exit. The system makes the field value available to be checked and changed in an ABAP/4 function.
●
User exit
Points previously set in the system that let you evaluate data. The fields available are also previously defined by SAP. All fields value available can be checked in an ABAP/4 program.
Points previously set in the system that let you evaluate data. The fields available are also previously defined by SAP. All fields value available can be checked in an ABAP/4 program.
●
Validation
It allows solid data entry regarding special rules. According to previous rules, the system can evaluate an entry and a message can appear on the user's terminal if a check statement is not met. A validation step contains prerequisite statement and check statement. Both of them are defined using Boolean Logic or calling an ABAP/4 form.
It allows solid data entry regarding special rules. According to previous rules, the system can evaluate an entry and a message can appear on the user's terminal if a check statement is not met. A validation step contains prerequisite statement and check statement. Both of them are defined using Boolean Logic or calling an ABAP/4 form.
●
Substitution
Fields contents can be changed using substitution. When data are being entered, the data can be substituted by another value regarding rules previously defined. A substitution step contains prerequisite statement, substitution value and substitution exit. All of them are defined using Boolean Logic or calling an ABAP/4 form.
Fields contents can be changed using substitution. When data are being entered, the data can be substituted by another value regarding rules previously defined. A substitution step contains prerequisite statement, substitution value and substitution exit. All of them are defined using Boolean Logic or calling an ABAP/4 form.
●
Set
Values or ranges of values are specified under a set name. Sets are easier to create and maintain instead of using tables. They give you more flexibility when maintaining your system.
Values or ranges of values are specified under a set name. Sets are easier to create and maintain instead of using tables. They give you more flexibility when maintaining your system.
●
Key words
It allows changes on field description according to data element. The short key word used on most screen to identify the corresponding field contents can be changed too.
It allows changes on field description according to data element. The short key word used on most screen to identify the corresponding field contents can be changed too.
Requirements & formulas
ABAP/4 forms that can be used to handle pricing procedures, rounding rules, copy and data transport Sales activities.
ABAP/4 forms that can be used to handle pricing procedures, rounding rules, copy and data transport Sales activities.
Thanks for sharing this Information,
ReplyDeleteGot to learn new things from your Blog on Sap abap.
http://thecreatingexperts.com/sap-abap-training-in-chennai/
Both online and classroom training is provided.
Contact 8122241286